Иностранный язык

Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования
Санкт-Петербургский государственный технологический университет растительных полимеров
В.В. КИРИЛЛОВА
Т.В. ЛИОРЕНЦЕВИЧ
Т.С. ШАРАПА
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Учебно-методическое пособие
для студентов 1 курса заочного факультета
по направлениям: «Химическая технология»,
«Технологические машины и оборудование» и
«Энерго- и ресурсосберегающие процессы в химической технологии, нефтехимии и биотехнологии»
Санкт-Петербург
2013

Выполнены все варианты:

Вариант 1

Контрольная работа 1
Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед существительным (левое определение).
1. Paper sheet passes through steam heated iron cylinders.
2. The soft and hard rolls are large diameter units.
3. A cooling system automatically starts blowing cool air onto the roll ends.

Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык разных форм степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
1. The surface of this paper is as smooth and uniform as is prescribed by the standard.
2. The coating of this boxboard is less important than that of a glossy paper.
3. The more is the cost of paper the better are its properties.

Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык слов it, one (one’s), that, these, those в разных значениях.

1. It is important to know what raw material the paper is made of.
2. One of paper-making methods is called a dry process.
3. This engine is more powerful than that of the old type.

Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения, определите в них временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения.
1. Chips and liquor enter the top of the digester.
2. The use of noise absorbers improved the noise performance of the chipper.
3. The paper making machine forms paper sheets.

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите.
1. If a superheater is used to heat the web, it is to be cooled to the condensation temperature.
2. Today any kind of fiber can be utilized to make paper.
3. The water squeezed from the paper should be absorbed by the felt which therefore has to be porous.

Упражнение № 6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
1. Paper is a felted sheet of fibers formed on a fine screen from a water suspension. When the water drains away, the remaining fibers must be removed from the screen and dried. Sheets of paper were made from disintegrated fibers upon a flat mould before the time of Christ and paper is still formed in this fashion. The only difference is between the construction of the moulds and the treatment of the fiber. Thus the fundamental principle of papermaking involves 2 basic factors: the fibers and the mould.
2. From ancient times, Chinese papermakers had wisely selected almost all kinds of plants known to the modern paper industry. These plants give the best fibers for the papermaking and are most economical in cost. The application of chemical agents for sizing, loading, coating, coloring, and dyeing was also known to them. The use of cheap water contributed not only to the swelling and bonding of the fibers. Water also increased the mechanical strength of the paper. Vat, mould and presses used many centuries ago in China are still basic to mo-dern papermaking. It also refers to the process of maceration, washing, lifting, pressing and drying. Historians of paper agree that ancient principles and practice of papermaking are the basis upon which modern paper making machines are designed and operated.

Упражнение № 7. Выпишите из 2-го абзаца предложение, содержащее прилагательные в одной из степеней сравнения.

Упражнение № 8. Прочитайте 1-й абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
Did the manufacture of paper change over the years as compared to the beginning of its development?
1. It did not change at all.
2. It changed fundamentally.
3. The treatment of the fibers and the construction of mould changed, but the basic technique remained unchanged: paper is still formed as it was before the time of Christ.


Контрольная работа 2
Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Переведите предложения.
1. The properties of the paper are influenced by refining.
2. Some waste paper is given special chemical treatment.
3. The cooking is followed by careful washing.

Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. The knots, chips and uncooked pieces of wood removed from the stock are used as fuels.
2. They used the existing recovery system
3. Sulfur dioxide, when dissolved in water, forms a weak acid which reacts with lignin.

Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. The process of removing fibers from the solid wood is called “pulping.”
2. Stock preparation includes systems for broke handling and cleaning of mixed stock.
3. The main collecting belt is used for conveying chips into the feeder.

Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, укажите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. Each mill must have its own system of equipment based on the grades of paper to be produced.
2. The spent cooking liquor is removed from the pulp and burned to recover the cooking chemicals.
3. To push the logs against the surface of the stone is the function of the pistons.

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Chipping
1. Chipping in the forest has many advantages. There are tree chippers which lift up the tree, swallow it at one end and spew chips at the other end. But at the same time there are a few disadvantages in this operation. In the swallowing of the whole tree, the bark which is undesirable for pulping is also ground up into chips. This causes darker and dirtier pulp and makes the bleaching problem more difficult. Nevertheless, the disadvantage is overcome by the greater yield.
2. But the manufacturers prefer to chip logs at a saw and woodworking mills. The chipper MD-05 is one of the recent models which cut wood into accepted (отсортированный) chips. The main parts of the chipper are a chipping mechanism and a drive. The chipping mechanism consists of a cutter disc with twelve chipping knives on it. The cutter disc is driven by electric motor. The wood is fed by a conveyor into the chipping zone where it is cut into chips. The quality of the chips is affected by a special mechanism which discharges the chips without shocks. The chips pass through the slots under the knives to the back (тыльная сторона) of the disc and then through the window located on the back side of the chipping mechanism and the chute to the receiving conveyor.

Упражнение № 6. Прочитайте 2-ой абзац, выпишите глаголы в пассивном залоге и переведите их.

Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте 1-ый абзац, перепишите вопрос и письменно ответьте на него:
What is the disadvantage of chipping in the forest?

Вариант 2

Контрольная работа 1
Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед существительным (левое определение).
1. The mill will modify the dryer section and install a new headbox control system.
2. The stock preparation system includes several stages.
3. The mill uses several wood suppliers.

Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык разных форм степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
1. These felts are dryer than those ones.
2. Most of their work is concentrated on a new theme.
3. The drier the raw product is the better will be the end result.

Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык слов it, one (one’s), that, these, those в разных значениях.
1. It is by automatic control on the panel that the digester cover is raised and the chip chute is lowered.
2. The drum shell consists of two sections: the first one is closed, the second one is open.
3. There are pumps that can deliver 6 % consistency pulp to the thickener.

Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения, определите в них временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения.
1. The web leaves the presses and enters the dryer section.
2. Heavy particles settle to the bottom of the vat.
3. The new equipment will process wood quickly.

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите.
1. Water that is thrown back can be harmful to the sheet and has to be evacuated.
2. Saturated steam should be used in this operation.
3. The capacity of a mill can vary from 50 to over 3000 tons of paper product.

Упражнение № 6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
1. The introduction of wood as a source of paper-making fibers at the end of 19th century was a great success which changed the future course of the pulp and paper industry and paved the way for mass production of paper on modern high-speed machines. The availability and relatively low cost of wood compared to materials used before for paper making opened up new markets and laid the basis for the modern pulp and paper industry.
2. Now wood is the principal raw material for pulp. Pulp is the raw material of which paper, paper-board, some plastics and many other products are made. All wood consists of the same basic parts: cellulose, fibers, lignin, sugars, resins, mineral salts, and other substances. The task of the papermaker is to separate the fibers and to rearrange them in new patterns and in new combinations with other substances for making different products. This may be done by several methods: mechanical, chemical, semi-mechanical and thermo-mechanical. The method chosen depends upon the type of wood used and the requirements of the end-product.
3. Historically softwoods have been preferred to hardwoods because of their greater fiber length. Up to the present time, supplies of softwoods have been adequate for pulp demand. So the main task of the pulp industry was to improve the pulping of softwoods. This resulted in a high level of technology in softwood pulping. The recent shortage of softwoods has made it necessary to use more hardwoods. Today they are in all pulping processes.
Пояснение к тексту: paved the way – проложила путь

Упражнение № 7. Выпишите из 3-го абзаца предложение, содержащее прилагательное в одной из степеней сравнения.

Упражнение № 8. Прочитайте 3-й абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
What type of wood is used more often now in the paper manufacturing?
1. Softwood because its fiber length is greater.
2. Hardwood as well as softwood.
3. Hardwood because of the shortage of softwood.


Контрольная работа 2
Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Переведите предложения.
1. Paper market was dominated by newsprint.
2. These digesters are operated with one chip supply system.
3. The properties of the paper are affected by numerous factors.

Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. The digester is covered with a coat consisting of cement mixed with different additives.
2. The consistency of the stock being refined is very important when determining the cutting.

Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. The paper should be bleached without damaging its strength characteristics.
2. Extracting of water takes about an hour.
3. The general method of making paper is essentially the same for all types of machines.

Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, укажите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. To ensure a continuous flow of pulp, it is necessary to have several digesters.
2. To ensure a continuous flow of pulp is necessary to increase the output of the machine.
3. The test to be performed at our mill is of great importance.

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Groundwood
1. Any process of pulp preparation begins with barking. Bark is removed in big steel cylinders called barking drums. Logs tumble against each other and as a result bark is stripped. Another common method is using powerful jets of water.
2. If bark is not removed, we get darker and dirtier pulp. The bleaching of such pulp is very difficult, but this disadvantage is overcome by greater yield of the pulp. The technology utilizing the whole tree is already known and is used at many mills.
3. But at the majority of pulp and paper mills bark is removed. After barking (in the mechanical process) the grinding stones grind logs in large quantities of water and reduce the logs to fibrous state. The composition of the mechanical pulp (groundwood) is practically identical with that of the wood. Groundwood made from fresh wood is of light yellow colour. One disadvantage of groundwood pulping is that the grinding of fibers weakens them. The pulp produced by the mechanical process is inferior to that produced by the chemical process: it is used in making those kinds of paper where the highest quality is not demanded and the price is principal consideration.
4. Mechanical pulp is much cheaper to make than any other form of paper pulp. In the first place, only about 2% of raw material is lost, as compared to 50% in the chemical processes. Secondly, there are no chemicals required. Finally, the equipment necessary for making mechanical pulp is much cheaper.

Упражнение № 6. Прочитайте 3-ий абзац. Выпишите из него причастия (Participle II) в роли определения и как часть глагольного времени.

Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте 2-ой абзац, перепишите вопрос и письменно ответьте на него:
What is the disadvantage of the presence of the bark in the groundwood?

Вариант 3

Контрольная работа 1
Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед существительным (левое определение).
1. The digester is ready for chip loading.
2. The difference in water level maintains flow in the proper direction.
3. Chippers convert wood waste into chips.

Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык разных форм степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
1. Dryer felts are operated as dry as possible.
2. The new paper machine is one of the widest and fastest.
3. The more effective dewatering process is the greater dry content we obtain as a result.

Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык слов it, one (one’s), that, these, those в разных значениях.
1. One can see the paper products everywhere.
2. Board is a laminated material. It may consist of two to seven layers.
3. These experiments are more difficult than those in our laboratory.

Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения, определите в них временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения.
1. This plant will install a new press section.
2. The modification increased the machine speed.
3. The cellulose forms the walls of the cell.

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите.
1. Photocopier paper is to have excellent brightness.
2. The chips should be packed together as closely as possible.
3. Special kinds of board may be manufactured from waste paper.

Упражнение № 6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
1. Man has always had a strong wish to express his thoughts in written form and in pictures. But he has not always had a satisfactory material on which to do this. The primitive man drew pictures on the walls of his cave. The ancient Babylonians, who lived in the land we call Iraq, wrote messages on heavy clay tablets and carried them from place to place. The Egyptians wrote on strips of a native plant called papyrus from which the modern paper gets its name. The Persians split the skins of animals, soaked them, scraped smooth, dried them, and made parchment.
2. In China, in 105 AD a young scholar named Ts’ai Lun added something new in the paper making progress. At this time the Chinese used silk and bamboo as writing material. Ts’ai Lun began to experiment with the inner bark of the mulberry tree. He transformed this material into pulp and added water. The mixture dried in the form of flat fiber sheets on which messages could be written. It was the first real paper.
3. The knowledge of papermaking was a secret closely guarded by the Chinese for several centuries. But eventually it spread to the Arabs. It reached Europe by about the twelfth century. By this time, rags were used for pulp instead of mulberry bark, but every sheet of paper was still made by hand. Only in 1799 the first machine for making a continuous sheet was invented by Robert in France.

Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста. Выпишите неправильные глаголы в форме Past Simple. Дайте их инфинитив.

Упражнение № 8. Прочитайте 1-й абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
What material did the Egyptians use to write?
1. They wrote on the walls of the caves.
2. They wrote on parchment.
3. They wrote on papyrus.


Контрольная работа 2
Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Переведите предложения.
1. Special attention was given to water cleaning.
2. The strength of the paper is positively affected by increased refining.
3. The tanks were used to accumulate sulfur dioxide gas.

Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. Wire-covered cylinders revolve in vats containing fibers suspended in water.
2. The drum is rotated causing the logs to tumble over one another.
3. The barking is accomplished in long cylindrical steel drums known as barking drums.

Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. These pulping processes cannot remove all the lignin without degrading the carbohydrate fraction.
2. Maintaining a constant load on the stone is important.
3. Reducing the raw material to the fibrous state is carried out by mechanical or semi-mechanical means.

Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, укажите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. Any chemicals to be applied to the web are found in special devices on the calender stack.
2. The stock has to be introduced into the tank under the washing drum.
3. By the end of the 19th century, wood cellulose began to be used as a raw material for making artificial fibers.

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Semi-chemical process
1. Semi-chemical process of making wood pulp combines mechanical and chemical methods. It was developed particularly for the pulping of hardwoods and has many variations. The pulpwood chips are cooked in a mild chemical solution and the fibers are separated mechanically. Semi-chemical pulps are used in making corrugated paper boards and other items.
2. In each of the chemical methods logs must be chipped before they are cooked. Rotating knives cut off chips and a conveyor belt carries them either to storage or to the digesters. These digesters operate on the same principle as a kitchen pressure cooker. Wood chips in chemical solution are cooked with steam, until reduced to wet pulpy mass. It is this cooking which dissolves the resins and lignin and causes the fibers to separate.
3. The digester is a cylindrical vessel with top and bottom conical heads. It is mounted in vertical position on four support columns. The upper charging pipe is provided with an easily removable mechanized cover. For preventing clogging of the circulation system, the digester has three screening zones. The digester equipment also includes a steam chip packer, a collector for digester washing and a special collector for pulp washing out.

Упражнение № 6. Прочитайте 1-ый абзац, выпишите глаголы в пассивном залоге и переведите их.

Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте 3-ий абзац, перепишите вопрос и письменно ответьте на него:
What does the digester equipment include?

Вариант 4

Контрольная работа 1
Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед существительным (левое определение).
1. Cleaner surfaces increase paper quality.
2. This process continues at high roll temperatures.
3. Greater grinder capacity lowers pulp cost.

Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык разных форм степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
1. This new technology gives higher speed production at lower investment costs.
2. The new paper machine is one of the largest of its kind.
3. The more ingredients include mechanical pulp the higher its yield will be.

Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык слов it, one (one’s), that, these, those в разных значениях.
1. Paper is the product that everybody knows.
2. Now we employ new methods of work, not old ones.
3. It is this cooking which dissolves the resins and glue-like lignin and causes the fibers to separate.

Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения, определите в них временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения.
1. Semi-chemical pulps produce stiff products.
2. Paper machine tests showed excellent results.
3. The heat will dry the paper web.

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите.
1. The pulp mill must be supplied with clean chips of uniform size.
2. This pulp is to be produced by a chemical process.
3. The capacity of the screeners can be regulated according to production rate.

Упражнение № 6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
1. The paper industry dates from the beginning of the Christian era. It was Ts’ai Lun, a Chinese minister of agriculture, who invented the first paper in 105 AD. He beat silk and mulberry bark together and screened the fibers from water with a bamboo mold. This technique was refined by the Chinese and kept as a secret until the 8th century when it eventually spread to Arabs and was used in Samarkand.
2. The art of papermaking then spread through Central Asia, Asia Minor and Egypt into Europe where it established by 1400. During this period the basic techniques remained unchanged. Fiber from many different sources were separated and suspended in a vat of water. A screen was dipped into the water, lifted out, separating the fibers from the water. After the sheet of paper was formed, it was pressed between felts and placed on a smooth surface to dry.
3. Many developments increased the production rate of papermaking, but the most important was the invention of papermaking machines around 1800. From that date to the present, the same techniques have been made more efficient, but not substantially changed from Ts’ai Lun’s original concepts.
4. The development of the paper manufacturing is closely parallel to the development of Western civilization. Paper became an integral part of the development of our culture.

Упражнение № 7. Выпишите из 3-го абзаца текста предложение, содержащее прилагательное в одной из степеней сравнения.

Упражнение № 8. Прочитайте 2-ой абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос. Did the manufacture of paper change over the years as compared with Ts’ai Lun technique?
1. It changed fundamentally.
2. It did not change at all.
3. The basic techniques invented by Ts’ai Lun remained unchanged.


Контрольная работа 2
Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Переведите предложения.
1. The chlorine stage is followed by bleaching with sodium hypochlorite.
2. Waste wood is usually passed to the boiler house by conveyors.
3. The press section was equipped with two new presses.

Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. The fibers clinging to the wire surface are carried out of the water.
2. All the substances contained in the wood are retained.
3. The knife enters the log cutting and splitting it at the same time.

Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. Small chippers are used for converting wood waste from sawmills into chips.
2. Mechanical pulping can be achieved by grinding or refining.
3. The cost of collecting and sorting the waste paper is great.

Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, укажите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. The stock is screened and cleaned to remove any dirt.
2. The size of the logs to be handled in a drum barker needs to be controlled.
3. To achieve good results is possible at the present stage.

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Chemical process
1. In the chemical paper making process, wood fibers are separated from their lignin binder by cooking chips in any of the chemical solutions. The most common chemical processes are: the sulfite process, the sulfate process and the soda process.
2. Paper made from hardwoods by the soda process has good printing qualities. Hardwood fibers are much shorter than softwood fibers. When pulped by this process and mixed with longer fibers, hardwoods make high quality magazine and book papers.
3. The sulfite process is not so popular now. The sulfate process was originally used mainly for the pulping of softwoods, especially pine. Now this process is used in pulping both softwoods and hardwoods for papers which are used for wrappings, bags and other durable papers requiring strength.
4. No matter which of the chemical processes is used, wood pulp requires additional treatment, washing, screening and sometimes bleaching before it can be converted into paper. Washing removes left-over chemicals and non-fibrous substances. Screening removes dirt, uncooked or unbroken pieces of wood and separates fibers according to size. Bleaching gives pulp the desirable degree of whiteness.

Упражнение № 6. Прочитайте 2-ой абзац, выпишите из него причастия (Participle II) в роли определения и обстоятельства. Переведите их.

Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте 4-ый абзац, перепишите вопрос и письменно ответьте на него:
What are the functions of washing, screening and bleaching?

Вариант 5

Контрольная работа 1
Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед существительным (левое определение).
1. Fully automatic roll cleaners are used during paper production.
2. This system can perform corrections even at the roll edge.
3. The bark removal is carried out in many ways.

Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык разных форм степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
1. The largest paper machines in the world are over 10 meters wide, 100 meters long and weigh thousand of tons.
2. The more additives this pulp contains the more it is suitable for photocopier paper.
3. This new technology is more efficient than the wet process.

Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык слов it, one (one’s), that, these, those в разных значениях.
1. One cannot imagine our life today without paper.
2. It is molecular attraction of the fibers that holds the paper sheet together.

3. The trees of the coniferous group yield long-fibred pulp, those of the deciduous group yield short-fibred pulp.

Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения, определите в них временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения.
1. The actual continuous process starts with the intake of chips.
2. This equipment has tested the quality of production.
3. The digester includes three screening zones.

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите.
1. Chips have to be of uniform size.
2. The remaining lignin can be oxidized and removed.
3. Barker knives should be changed three or four times a day.

Упражнение № 6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
1. From ancient times, various vegetable fibers were used as raw material for papermaking. Almost all plants produce fibers, but only those which are available, rich in cellulose, easy to treat and cheap in cost are most suitable. Especially good are those plants which contain great amount of long cellulose but few binding substances which must be eliminated in the process of maceration. These materials include hemp, cotton, jute, bamboo, flax, ramie, bark of mulberry and some others. Hemp and cotton are probably the best because they give the highest yields of pure fibers.
2. The use of fresh plant fibers as raw material was apparently unknown to European papermakers when the art of papermaking was introduced in Europe in the middle of 12th century. For over 500 years after introduction, all paper of occidental origin was made from linen or cotton rags or a mixture of these second hand fibers.
3. After the beginning of the 18th century, as rags gradually became less available and were no longer economic material, European scientists looked for substitutes in order to meet the increasing need of the paper industry. A great variety of vegetation, including hemp, bark, wood, straw, was tested though these materials had already been in use in China for many centuries. Finally, wood pulp was widely adopted and since 19th century has become the chief raw material of modern paper industry. Because of limitation of forest resources in China the wood was little utilized for paper. Even today, the use of other materials than wood is encouraged.

Упражнение № 7. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца текста предложение, содержащее прилагательное в одной из степеней сравнения.
Упражнение № 8. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
Why did the European papermakers use only linen or cotton rags for the manufacturing of paper?
1. There was no other raw material in Europe.
2. Linen and cotton fibers are the cheapest raw material for the paper manufacturing.
3. The Europeans did not know the use of fresh plant fibers as raw material for the paper manufacturing.


Контрольная работа 2
Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Переведите предложения.
1. Each refiner is powered by a synchronous motor.
2. The visitors were shown the most advanced production line.
3. Mention was made of special characteristics of this apparatus.

Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. The disc is provided with three or more knives set on equal distance apart.
2. The chips are boiled with various reagents extracting the substances contained in the wood.
3. Using the new method they produced a paper of high quality.

Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. Groundwood pulp is produced by chipping the logs and grinding the chips between discs.
2. Eliminating dirt and admixtures is the main task at this stage.
3. This method of grinding is most efficient in removing whole fibers from the wood.

Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, укажите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. The mill learned to control the emissions of unpleasant smelling gas.
2. The stock is sent through screens to remove foreign materials.
3. The basic function to be performed by the wet end of the machine is to form the web of paper.

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Dry process
1. A traditional method of papermaking is called a wet process because water is an active participant of the basic sheet-forming operation. From 50 to 60 cubic meters of water are needed to manufacture one ton of paper. At present there are some other ways of paper manufacture that do not use water, one of these methods is called a dry process. The idea of paper sheet formation on the wire screen without water was realized in our country for the first time in 1930s. Since then the principle of manufacture of long fiber paper was developed.
2. Today any kind of fiber can be used to prepare pulp by the dry technology of papermaking. To produce paper sheet papermakers use various paper machines. The sheet (web) is formed in the medium of air. Fibers are introduced into a special aerodynamic chamber located above a continuously moving paper machine wire.
3. A thin layer of fiber is formed on the surface of the wire as a result of pressure difference produced by a fan from both sides of the wire former. Then a special suction device picks up the web and transfers it to another unit where some kind of binder is added to the paper sheet. The process is finally completed when the paper web is pressed out and dried by means of air jets in a drying section. This papermaking technology is more efficient than the wet process: it does not pollute the environment and does not need complicated equipment.

Упражнение № 6. Прочитайте 3-ий абзац, выпишите из него причастия (Participle II) в роли определения и как части глагольной формы. Переведите их.

Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте 1-ый абзац, перепишите вопрос и письменно ответьте на него:
Why are two methods of paper manufacturing called “wet process” and “dry process”?

В.В. Кириллова, Т.В. Лиоренцевич
Ю.С. Погодина, Т.С. Шарапа
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Учебно-методическое пособие
для студентов заочного факультета
Санкт-Петербург
2007

Стоимость выполнения контрольных работ уточняйте при заказе.
Выполнены следующие варианты:
Вариант 1
К.р. 1, 2, 3, 4
Вариант 2
К.р. 1
Вариант 3
К.р. 1, 2
Вариант 4
К.р. 1, 2, 3
Вариант 5
К.р. 1, 2

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Учебно-методическое пособие
для студентов-заочников
теплоэнергетического факультета
Санкт-Петербург
2007

Стоимость готового варианта контрольной работы ... руб. (за одну контрольную).
Стоимость выполнения контрольной работы на заказ уточняйте при заказе.
Готовые работы продаются только в распечатанном виде
Выполнены следующие варианты контрольных работ:

Вариант 1
- К.р. 1, 2, 3, 4
Вариант 2
- К.р. 1 и 2
Вариант 3
- К.р. 1, 2, 4
Вариант 4
- К.р. 1, 2, 3, 4
Вариант 5
- К.р. 1 и 2

Вариант 01

Контрольная работа 1
Упражнение 1.
Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием "-s" и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно
1) показателем 3 лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple,
2) показателем множ. числа существительного,
3) показателем притяжательного падежа существительного.
Предложения переведите.
1. Polzunov\'s engine was working from August to November 1766.
2. Polzunov did not see the results of his work.
3. Polzunov had no qualified assistants.

Упражнение 2.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода определений, выраженных существительными (цепочка слов) и стоящих перед определяемым существительным (левое определение).
1. Natural gas is used for steam generation in gas producing area.
2. These areas are served by natural gas transmission lines.

Упражнение 3.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
1. The thermonuclear reactors absorb more energy than they generate.
2. The more satisfactory ignition may be ensured, the better.

Упражнение 4.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода отрицательных и неопределенных местоимений.
1. At any temperature the heat absorbed when a liquid evaporates equals the heat evolved when a gas condenses to a liquid.
2. Some drop in insulation resistance may often be explained, for example, by damp weather.

Упражнение 5.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода слов it, one(one\'s), that, these, those в разных значениях.
1. It is copper which is one of the most widely used conductors.
2. The cyclone furnace is adjunct to the boiler circutation system. It is attached to the steam generating unit.
3. At the summer he solved his own problem and that of his friend.

Упражнение 6.
Перепишите предложения. Определите в них залог, временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив, предложения переведите.
1. Weather sputniks are equipped with sun-powered batteries and various accurate instruments.
2.The air heater usually cooled the product of combustion to an exit temperature.
3. The furnace walls will be composed of tubes which will also be connected to the boiler drum.

Упражнение 7.
Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимания на оборот there is(are).
1. If the source of the cooling water is a lake or a river, there is no need for water conservation.
2. There are 4 rows of boiler tubes between the superheater and economizer.

Упражнение 8.
Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
The use of solar energy.
1. One of the uses of solar energy is its transformation into electric energy. Photoelectric converters operate not only aboard space vehicles. They are used to supply hard-to-reach sites, for instance, light-houses, communication facilities, etc. Such installations can operate continuously for 20 years, and their capacity is up to 500 watts. They are reliable and do not need constantly handling by personal.
2. At present, mainly semiconductor silicon is used for the manufacture of photocells. Now the researches have designed photocells on the basis of linking two materials in a single crystall-gallium arsenide and aluminum arsenide. They are most promising for the transformation of preliminary concentrated light since they continue to operate efficiently at temperature of over 2000C. Using heat that is released in photocells one can raise the efficiency up to 30%. Their use in solar power station will greatly cut the cost of the photoelectric method of energy transfomation.

Упражнение 9.
Из второго абзаца выпишите прилагательное в одной из степеней сравнения. Укажите три степени сравнения данного прилагательного и переведите его.

Упражнение 10.
Прочитайте второй абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер, содержащий наиболее точный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
How were the photocells transformed recently?
1) The new photocells can transform the preliminary concentrated light.
2) The new photocells are manufactured on the basis of linking two materials in one crystal.
3) The new photocells reduced the cost of the photoelectric method of energy transformation.

Контрольная работа 2
Упражнение 1.
Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глагола. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите.
1. The greatest difficulty to the practical use of solar power: the production of energy when the sun is not shining will be overcome.
2. The gas turbine is being used in such application as electric power generation.
3. The turbine efficiency is adversely affected by a decrease in the pressure drop through the turbine.

Упражнение 2.
Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите.
1. Steam turbines may be broadly grouped into three types in accordance with the conditions of operation on the steam on the rotor blades.
2. It should be noted that the superheaters and reheaters occupy a major part of the total volume of the installation.
3. The length of the turbine is to be reduced.

Упражнение 3.
Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. All the work done by the turbine comes from the energy in the steam flowing through the turbine.
2. The steam impinges on the wheel blades causing the wheel to rotate.

Упражнение 4.
Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. When condensing the steam gives up heat to the water.
2.The method for sorting and transporting flue gases becomes criticized.

Упражнение 5.
Перепешите и письменно переведите текст.
1. The steam generating unit consists of a furnace, a boiler, superheater, economizer and an air heater. The fuel is burned in a furnace. The boiler is composed of a drum. The water level in the drum is mentioned at about mid-point, which permits separation of the steam from water. There is a bank of inclined tubes which are connected to the drum and permit water to circulate from the drum through the tubes and back to the drum. The hot products of combustion from the furnace flow across the boiler tubes which are also connected to the boiler drum and form very effective steam generating surface.
2. The steam which is separated from the water in the boiler drum then flows through a superheater. The superheater is a coil of tubes surrounded by the hot products of combustion. The temperature of the steam is increased in the superheater and the superheated steam flows through a piping to the turbine.

Упражнение 6.
Выпишите из второго абзаца Past Participle (Participle II), укажите его функции и переведите.

Упражнение 7.
Прочитайте первый абзац и ответьте на вопрос:
How is the steam separated from the water in the boiler?

Контрольная работа 3
Упражнение 1.
Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. To recover waste energy two major types of hardware are required: combustion equipment and heat transfer equipment.
2. Parameters to be measured in a control experiment include density and temperature of the fuel.

Упражнение 2.
Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода сложного подлежащего и сложного дополнения. Подчеркните указанные конструкции.
1. Lighting proved to be a discharge of electricity.
2. We may expect a short circuit to result from wire fault.

Упражнение 3.
Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните независимый причастный оборот. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода указанной конструкции.
1. Noncondensable gases being highly corrosive, their removal in the condenser is important.
2. When some impellers are mounted on the same shaft and act in series, the pump is called a multistage pump, the number of stages corresponding to the number of impellers.

Упражнение 4.
Перепишите и преведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные типы условных предложений.
1. Unless the devices are improved, it will be impossible to carry out the test.
2. In case you had used this valve, the direction of the flood would have been changed.

Упражнение 5.
Перепишите и преведите текст.
1. The gaseous products of combustion leaving the boiler tubes are at relatively high temperature. If they were discharged to the chimney, it would result in a large loss of energy. To recover a part of the energy an economizer may be used. The economizer is a bank of tubes through which the feedway is pumped to the boiler drum.
2. A reduction in gas temperature may be made by passing the products of combustion through an air heater. The air heater represents a heat exchanger which is cooled by the air required for combustion. This air is supplied to the air heater at normal room temperature and may leave the air heater at 4000 to 6000F. This energy is returned to the furnace.
3. The products of combustion are usually cooled in the air heater to an exit temperature of 2500, to 4000F. From the air heater the products of combustion pass through a dust collector which will remove all the dust, then through the fan to the chimney.

Упражнение 6.
Выпишите из 1 абзаца условное предложение. Укажите его тип и переведите.

Упражнение 7.
Прочитайте 3 абзац. Укажите этапы пути продуктов сгорания, описанные в данном абзаце текста.

Контрольная работа 4
Упражнение 1.
Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение. Подчеркните придаточное предложение.
1. The type of turbine we have just described is very effective.
2. Experiments show all gases expand when heated.

Упражнение 2.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните глаголы "to have" и "to be" и определите их функцию в предложении.
1. They have to use this new method in their research work.
2. These engineers are looking for new methods in cooling materials.
3. The aim of many early experiments was the production of light sources small enough to be used in the home.

Упражнение 3.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Укажите различные грамматические функции глаголов "should" и "would"
1. It should be noted that the hot end of the superheater is next to the furnace.
2. Provided the steam was condensed and the water was removed by pump, a partial vacuum would be formed in the exhaust chamber of the turbine. 3. If the pressure in the furnace were to high, there would be air leakage to the furnace with a corresponding reduction in the furnace temperature.

Упражнение 4.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.
1. The pressure of the air decreases slightly between the compressor discharge and turbine inlet because of friction.
2. This boiler is an externally fired one because it is provided with a brick furnace which is external to the boiler itself.
3. As to electric generator, it is driven by the hot gas which expands in the turbine.

Упражнение 5.
Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
1. The boiler is an external combustion device: the combustion takes place outside the region of boiling water. All heat must be transferred through the heating surface to reach the water. The furnace of the boiler may be internally fired if the furnace region is completely surrounded by the water-cooled surface. The furnace of the boiler may be externally fired if the furnace is auxiliary to the boiler or built under the boiler.
2. During the evolution of the boiler as a heat producer, many new shapes and designs have appeared. Some of them became popular, for example, straight tube and bent tube units. The bent tube boiler offers many advantages over the straight tube boiler including the following: 1) greater economies in fabrication and operation because of the use of welding, improved steels, waterfall construction and new manufacturing techniques; 2) greater accessibility for inspection, cleaning and maintenance; 3) ability to operate at higher steaming rates and deliver dryer steam.

Упражнение 6.
Выпишите из 1 абзаца глагол "to be" в функции смыслового глагола и вспомогательного. Переведите его.

Упражнение 7.
Перечитайте 2-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос.
What are the advantages of the bent rube boiler over the straight tube boiler?

Вариант 02

Контрольная работа 1
Упражнение 1.
Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием "-s" и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно
1) показателем 3 лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple,
2) показателем множ. числа существительного,
3) показателем притяжательного падежа существительного.
Предложения переведите.
1. A prominent place among early inventors of steam engine belong to James Watt.
2. Rocket operates at altitudes where the Earth’s atmosphere is highly rarefied.

Упражнение 2.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода определений, выраженных существительными (цепочка слов) и стоящих перед определяемым существительным (левое определение).
1. The furnace height is the function of the regrouped furnace volume.
2. Superheaters requirements may govern exit temperature.

Упражнение 3.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
1. The coals of this type are most satisfactory burned on chain-grate stocker.
2. The more space is provided by the furnace, the less unburned fuel will escape from it.

Упражнение 4.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода отрицательных и неопределенных местоимений.
1. No change in a system of bodies can increase the available energy of the system.
2. In the steam boiler feedwater can be converted into saturated steam at some desired pressure.

Упражнение 5.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода слов it, one(one\'s), that, these, those в разных значениях.
1. It is only recently that ways have been found for synthesizing chlorophyll.
2. To measure the temperature one uses a thermometer.
3. This problem was a very difficult one.

Упражнение 6.
Перепишите предложения. Определите в них залог, временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив, предложения переведите.
1. Our research workers carefully control all the reactions.
2. The boiler is composed of a drum in which a water level is maintained and permits separation of steam from the water.
3. The air was supplied to the air heater at normal room temperature.

Упражнение 7.
Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимания на оборот there is(are).
1. There are 4 groups of coal which differ by their characteristic propertiers.
2. There is no boiler for pressures above the critical.

Упражнение 8.
Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
The use of solar energy.
1. The problem of wider uses of renewable energy sources – solar, tidal and geothermal ones is of great local importance. So far the practical use of solar energy is not very significant but the use of this energy can be profitable in many areas even now. Specialists designed water-heating installations for both seasonable and year-round operation. They have already built solar-powered homes and public buildings with hot water supply, heating and air-conditioning. Within the next few years experimental constructions will go on. After tests the best solutions will be used in standard designs.
2. The application of solar installations in agriculture has considerable effect. The experience in experimental solar-heating greenhouses has shown that, as compared with ordinary greenhouses that receive heat from boiler rooms, the expenses on vegetable-growing are reduced by 60% due to fuel savings alone. Solar-powered installations for drying farm products were also tested successfully.

Упражнение 9.
Из первого абзаца выпишите прилагательное в одной из степеней сравнения. Укажите три степени сравнения данного прилагательного и переведите его.

Упражнение 10.
Прочитайте второй абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер, содержащий наиболее точный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
Why are solar-heating greenhouses more profitable?
1) They are more profitable because of their compact size.
2) They are more profitable because of their compact size and because the heat they use is cheap.

Контрольная работа 2
Упражнение 1.
Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глагола. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите.
1. This discovery will be a world break-through.
2. The furnaces are being partly water cooled.
3. Proper treatment of the coal at the correct time is effected on its passage through the furnace.

Упражнение 2.
Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите.
1. All the heat must be transferred through the heating surface to reach water.
2. It should be noted that the hot end of the superheater is next to the furnace.
3. The steam had to pass on its way through the turbine.

Упражнение 3.
Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. Thermal analysis concerning combustion involves the heat and the temperature.
2. Each disk carrying the moving blades is perforated thus maintaining the same pressure on both sides of the wheel.

Упражнение 4.
Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. The cooling water after passing through the condenser is pumped to a cooling tower.
2. The equipment for producing the fluid is divided into two major classes: pumps for handling liquids and fans, blowers and compressors for handling gases and vapors.

Упражнение 5.
Перепешите и письменно переведите текст.
The steam power plant.
1. The function of a steam power plant is to convert the energy in nuclear reactions or in coal, oil or gas into mechanical or electric enegry through the expansion of steam from a high pressure to a low pressure in a suitable prime mover such as a turbine or engine. A noncondensing plant discharges the steam from prime mover at an exhaust pressure equal or greater that atmospheric pressure. A condensing plant exhausts the steam from the prime mover into a condenser at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure. The general central station plants are frequently noncondensing plants because large quantities of low-pressure steam are required for manufacturing operations.
2. The steam-generating unit consists of a furnace in with the fuel is burned, a boiler, superheater and economizer, in which high pressure steam is generated, and an air heater in which the loss of energy due to combustion of the fuel is reduced to a minimum.

Упражнение 6.
Выпишите из первого абзаца причастия в функции определения и переведите.

Упражнение 7.
Прочитайте второй абзац и ответьте на вопрос:
What is me function of a furnace and an economizer?

Вариант 03

Контрольная работа 1
Упражнение 1.
Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием "-s" и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно
1) показателем 3 лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple,
2) показателем множ. числа существительного,
3) показателем притяжательного падежа существительного.
Предложения переведите.
1. When the electrons move to one direction an electric current results.
2. James Watt’s invention of the governor helped to regulate the speed of the machine.

Упражнение 2.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода определений, выраженных существительными (цепочка слов) и стоящих перед определяемым существительным (левое определение).
1. Pulverized coal furnaces are usually convertible to firing with oil or gas.
2. The flame shape determines the furnace width and depth dimensions.

Упражнение 3.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
1. Most fuel is burned near the exit from the furnace.
2. The better the equipment suits to the type of the fuel, the more its efficiency will be.

Упражнение 4.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода отрицательных и неопределенных местоимений.
1. In some plants pressures up to 5000psi are used.
2. Atoms contain electrons which are negatively charged, protons which are positively charged and neutrons which have no charge.

Упражнение 5.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода слов it, one(one\'s), that, these, those в разных значениях.
1. We used materials that contained lead.
2. One can say that heat is a form of energy.
3. It is now generally recognized: one of the most important problems of modern natural science is that of photosynthesis.

Упражнение 6.
Перепишите предложения. Определите в них залог, временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив, предложения переведите.
1. This quality of energy is usually transformed into mechanical work.
2. The electrons will pass from one atom to another and electric current will flow.
3. These power stations were supplied with atomic fuel.

Упражнение 7.
Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимания на оборот there is(are).
1. There were a lot of efforts and thoughts given for generating electricity.
2. For each particular fossil fuel there is a minimum temperature known as the ignition temperature.

Упражнение 8.
Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Renewable energy sources
1. In the future the energy of the sun, wind, sea and the heat of underground waters will be used in a large scale. These are the so-called “free” energy sources. They will be utilized only when they are more profitable than the traditional ones because their exploitation is usually much more expensive than energy supply from large electric power stations which run on coal or nuclear fuel.
2. The utilization of the biomass – agricultural wastes and city runoff – can be found very effective: they can be employed in obtaining gas.
3. In addition it may happen that new energy sources will be discovered. What if, for example, the vacuum is a boundless ocean of matter in some specific state? Perhaps in the future man will discover some ways of getting energy from this matter? Or, for example, the undiscovered cosmic forces. Or the annihilation energy which arises from the fusion of matter and anti-matter.
4. Now this is fantasy which may become a reality. Unknown and undiscovered phenomena can be found more effective, than familiar ones.

Упражнение 9.
Из первого абзаца выпишите прилагательное в одной из степеней сравнения. Укажите три степени сравнения данного прилагательного и переведите его.

Упражнение 10.
Прочитайте третий абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер, содержащий наиболее точный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
What new energy sources are indicated in the article?
1. The use of underground water.
2. The use of energy of vacuum matter, the annihilation energy which arises from the fusion of matter and anti-matter.
3. The use of energy of the sun and wind.

Контрольная работа 2
Упражнение 1.
Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глагола. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите.
1. Scientists have produced a stable chemical compound to store the energy. 2. Some boilers are bottom supported.
3. A large energy drop can be dealt with in the first pressure stage of the impulse turbine.

Упражнение 2.
Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите.
1. The feedwater can be converted into saturated steam of high quality at some desired pressure.
2. To maintain a high heat transfer for the heater the water velocity should be high.
3. The feedwater is able to be converted into saturated steam.

Упражнение 3.
Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. The classification of the injectors is based on the force of energy used to break up the liquid.
2. The double suction permits forces acting on the impeller to be balanced, thus reducing the axial thrust on the shaft.

Упражнение 4.
Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. If steam is required for processing, a turbine may be modified by extracting the steam.
2. There are two general methods of firing fuel commonly used: a) on stationary grates; b) on stockers.

Упражнение 5.
Перепешите и письменно переведите текст.
1. In 1882 Thomas Edison (1847-1931) started to Pearl Street Station in New York for the purpose of supplying electricity to the users of the new incandescent lamp. Thus was laid the foundation for great central station industry which now supplies the general public with electric light and power.
2. Parsons (1854-1931) patented a reaction turbine in 1884, and in 1889 de Laval (1845-1913) was granted patents on an impulse turbine. By 1910 the steam turbine had replaced the reciprocating steam engine in the central station industry.
3. During the last decade, the gas turbine in the form of turbojet engines has replaced the reciprocating internal combustion engine in the military combat airplane and the faster and larger commercial aircrafts. The gas turbine is also being used in such applications as electric power generation, natural gas transmission line pumping and locomotives.
4. The development of the rockets revolutionized warfare with guided missiles and earth satellites. Since the rocket carries its own supply of oxygen for the burning of its fuel, it is capable of operating at altitudes where the earth’s atmosphere is highly rarefied.

Упражнение 6.
Выпишите из первого абзаца герундий. Определите его функцию в предложении и переведите.

Упражнение 7.
Прочитайте третий абзац и ответьте на вопрос:
What are the general uses of a gas turbine?

Контрольная работа 4
Упражнение 1.
Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение. Подчеркните придаточное предложение.
1. The condensing turbine is used chiefly for the low cost of electric power it produces.
2. In spite of many difficulties they consider the new turbines will arrive in time.

Упражнение 2.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните глаголы "to have" и "to be" и определите их функцию в предложении.
1. Near the exit from the furnace most of the fuel has been burned.
2. The cyclone furnace is a water cooled horizontal cylinder into which coal is introduced.
3. If combustion is to be complete in a furnace of economical size, turbulence is essential.

Упражнение 3.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Укажите различные грамматические функции глаголов "should" и "would"
1. Mechanical draft at modern boilers should supplement the natural draft produced by the stack.
2. Were the system properly controlled, the necessary pressure would be maintained in the furnace.
3. Unless the pressure were not high, cooling water circulating between impellers would be sufficient.

Упражнение 4.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.
1. We could not use the new equipment for it was not reliable.
2. For some decades the machine was in use.
3. They used a special arrangement of the burners due to the furnace width and depth dimensions.

Упражнение 5.
Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
1) All power and refrigeration plants contain equipment which has as its major function the transfer of heat from one fluid to another. This equipment includes boilers, superheaters, economizers, heaters, coolers, condensers and evaporators. All this equipment forms a heat exchanger. The same laws of heat transfers, fluid flow, and economics apply to all heat exchangers. Heat exchangers differ in design characteristics only because of the different functions which they perform and conditions under which they operate.
2) Every stationary power plant has two heat exchangers. They are the steam condenser and feed-water heater. These equipments differ in their relative position and their functions in the cycle. The purpose of the feed-water heater is to increase the overall efficiency of the cycle. This is accomplished by heating the boiler water before it enters the boiler. When the feed-water enters the boiler at high temperature, the boiler is relieved of the part of its load, and temperature stresses within the boiler are reduced. Feed-water heaters are designed as direct contact heaters or surface heaters.

Упражнение 6.
Выпишите из 1 абзаца глагол "to have" и определите его грамматическую функцию.

Упражнение 7.
Перечитайте 2-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос.
What is the function of feed-water heater in every stationary power plant?

Вариант 04

Контрольная работа 1
Упражнение 1.
Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием "-s" и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно
1) показателем 3 лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple,
2) показателем множ. числа существительного,
3) показателем притяжательного падежа существительного.
Предложения переведите.
1. The world’s consumption of fuel energy is increasing.
2. Our life revolves around electricity and its many uses.

Упражнение 2.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода определений, выраженных существительными (цепочка слов) и стоящих перед определяемым существительным (левое определение).
1. The world’s consumption of fuel energy is increasing.
2. Our life revolves around electricity and its many uses.

Упражнение 3.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
1. The world’s consumption of fuel energy is increasing.
2. Our life revolves around electricity and its many uses.

Упражнение 4.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода отрицательных и неопределенных местоимений.
1. Nowadays no large generating plants of industrial importance are constructed with piston type steam engine.
2. Some of the hot air from the air heater dries the coal.

Упражнение 5.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода слов it, one(one\'s), that, these, those в разных значениях.
1. Nowadays no large generating plants of industrial importance are constructed with piston type steam engine.
2. Some of the hot air from the air heater dries the coal.

Упражнение 6.
Перепишите предложения. Определите в них залог, временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив, предложения переведите.
1. The question will be discussed at the next meeting.
2. The steam generating unit consists of a furnace, a boiler, a superheater, economizer and air heater.
3. The dust collector will remove dust.

Упражнение 7.
Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимания на оборот there is(are).
1. There are two types of economizers for power station service: steaming and non steaming.
1. Существует два типа экономайзеров для обслуживания электростанций: кипящий и некипящий.
2. Are there any electric plants where diesel internal combustion engines are installed?

Упражнение 8.
Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Nuclear power stations
1. The first industrial nuclear power station in the world was constructed in Obninsk not far from Moscow in 1954. The station was put into operation two years earlier than the British one and three and a half years earlier than the American nuclear power-stations.
2. A number of nuclear power-stations have been put into operation since 1954. The Beloyarskaya nuclear power station named after academician Kurchatov may serve an example of the peaceful use of atomic energy. The scientists and engineers achieved a nuclear superheating of steam directly in the reactor itself before steam is carried into the turbine. It is certainly an important contribution to nuclear engineering achieved for the first time in the world.
3. We might mention here another important achievement, that is the first nuclear installation where thermal energy generated in the reactor is transformed directly into electrical enegry. Speaking of the peaceful use of atomic energy it is also necessary to mention our nuclear ice-breakers. “Lenin” is the world’s first ice-breaker with nuclear installation. Its machine installation is of a steam turbine type and steam is produced by three reactors and six steam generators.

Упражнение 9.
Из первого абзаца выпишите прилагательное в одной из степеней сравнения. Укажите три степени сравнения данного прилагательного и переведите его.

Упражнение 10.
Прочитайте второй абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер, содержащий наиболее точный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
What does the scientific contribution of the Beloyarskaya nuclear power station consist of?
1. It was the first industrial nuclear power station in the world.
2. The thermal energy generated in the reactor was transformed directly into electric energy.
3. The nuclear superheating of steam was achieved directly in the reactor itself before steam is carried into the turbine.

Контрольная работа 2
Упражнение 1.
Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глагола. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите.
1. Japan has managed to store the Sun energy 61 days in a crystall.
2. The feedwater heater has affected the efficiency of the overall cycle.
3. The choice of material for condencer tubes is influenced by cooling water corrosive in nature.

Упражнение 2.
Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите.
1. Japan has managed to store the Sun energy 61 days in a crystall.
2. The feedwater heater has affected the efficiency of the overall cycle.
3. The choice of material for condencer tubes is influenced by cooling water corrosive in nature.

Упражнение 3.
Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. These plants produce a great quantity of liquid and gaseous wastes containing chlorinated hydrocarbons.
2. As the oxidation rate increases, the temparature gradually rises, increasing the rate of oxidation and hence the rate of temperature rise.

Упражнение 4.
Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. When steam is needed within the power plant itself for heating boiler feed water, nonautomatic extraction is generally used.
2. It is important for industries to investigate the possibility of recovering the millions of calories of heat that are lost everyday.

Упражнение 5.
Перепешите и письменно переведите текст.
1. James Watt (1736-1819), an instrument maker at the university of Glasgow, while repairing a model of Newcomen engine, noticed a large waste of energy due to alternately heating the steam cylinder with steam and cooling it with injection water.
2. He realized that this loss could be reduced by keeping the cylinder as hot as possible with insulation. He understood that it was possible to use a separate condenser or water-cooled chamber which could be connected to the steam cylinder at the necessary time by a valve.
3. Later he closed the top of the steam cylinder with a cover or cylinder head, introduced steam alternately on both sides of the piston and thus made the engine double acting. He invented a governor to regulate the speed of the engine, a slide valve to control the admission, expansion and exhaust of the steam, a pump to remove the air and condensate from the condenser, and, in fact, brought the steam engine to a fairly high state of development.

Упражнение 6.
Выпишите из первого абзаца причастие в функции обстоятельства и переведите.

Упражнение 7.
Прочитайте первый абзац и ответьте на вопрос:
What invention was patented in 1769 by James Watt?

Контрольная работа 3
Упражнение 1.
Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. The tubes to be made of metal will be used in different kinds of boilers.
2. An economizer and an air heater are provided to cool the products of combustion to the low temperature necessary fot high efficiency.

Упражнение 2.
Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода сложного подлежащего и сложного дополнения. Подчеркните указанные конструкции.
1. The Fahrenheit scale is known to be used in English speaking countries.
2. We know the alternative current to flow first in one direction and then in another.

Упражнение 3.
Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните независимый причастный оборот. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода указанной конструкции.
1. The steam being condensed, heat is transferred from the vented steam to the water.
2. Steam turbines are grouped into 3 types, classification being made in accordance with the conditions of the operation of the steam on the rotor blades.

Упражнение 4.
Перепишите и преведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные типы условных предложений.
1. If I were you, I should not hesitate and choose this type of the fuel.
2. Had you seen the power plant, you would have decide to work there.

Упражнение 5.
Перепишите и преведите текст.
1. In the nuclear power plant energy is released in a reactor by nuclear fission. A coolant is pumped through the reactor to absorb and remove the enrgy and to prevent excessive temperature in the reactor. In the more common types of nuclear power plants the high temperature coolant that leaves the reactor flows through a heat exchnager. The steam is generated in this heat exchanger.
2. Radiation and containtment shields which enclose all radioactive components of the system are installed to protect the radioactive components operating personnel and general public from hazard of radioactivity.
3. The heat exchanger serves as a steam boiler. The steam flows through a turbine and associated equipment that are identical in design and arrangement with similar equipment in a conventional steam power plant. In other words, the nuclear reactor, heat exchanger and pump replace the fuel burning equipment and the steam generator of the conventional steam power plant.

Упражнение 6.
Выпишите из 1 абзаца инфинитивы и функции обстоятельства. Переведите их.

Упражнение 7.
Прочитайте 3 абзац и ответьте на вопрос:
What similar equipment is there in the nuclear power and thermal power plant?

Контрольная работа 4
Упражнение 1.
Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение. Подчеркните придаточное предложение.
1. One of the most important problems the engineer has to solve is the efficient and controlled transfer of fluids from one point to another.
2. This means magnetic effects could be produced by electricity alone without any magnet.

Упражнение 2.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните глаголы "to have" и "to be" и определите их функцию в предложении.
1. The coal is to be tried in the pulverizer by hot air to reduce power consumptions and increase the capacity of the mill.
2. The objective of industrial furnace is to create and maintain a region at a high temperature.
3. A power plant cycle has to convert a portion of the stored energy of fuel into work.

Упражнение 3.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Укажите различные грамматические функции глаголов "should" и "would"
1. Generally the pressure in the furnace should be slighly less than atmospheric pressure.
2. Should it be necessary to have a high pressure section, they would use a two shafts radial flow turbine.
3. If the pressure into the furnace were too high, there would be leakage of asphyxiating gases into the boiler room.

Упражнение 4.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.
Since the stocker limits the possibilities of the heat, both economizers and heater are usually installed in the stocker.
2. As the coal moves from front to rear, combustion air is introduced tangentially at high velocity.
3. Neither engineer nor his associate could explain the fact.

Упражнение 5.
Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
1) Fire-tube boilers are boilers with straight tubes that are surrounded by water and through which the products of combustion pass. The tubes are usually installed within the lower portion of a single drum or shell below the waterline.
2) Water-tube boilers are boilers in which the tubes themselves contain steam or water and the heat is applied to the outside surface. The tubes are connected to two or more drum sets which are usually set horizontally.
3) Tubular heating surface may be classified: 1. by form – either straight, bent, or sinuous or 2. by inclination – horizontal, inclined or vertical.
4) The boiler may by either a fired or an unfired pressing vessel. In fired boilers the heat applied is a product of fuel combustion. An unfired boiler has a heat source other than combustion. The majority of boilers operate with natural circulation. Some utilize positive circulation in which the operative fluid may be forced “once through” or controlled with partial recirculation.

Упражнение 6.
Выпишите из 1 абзаца глагол "to be" и определите его грамматическую функцию.

Упражнение 7.
Перечитайте 1-й и 2-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос.
What is the difference between fire-tube boilers and water-tube boilers?

Вариант 05

Контрольная работа 1
Упражнение 1.
Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием "-s" и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно
1) показателем 3 лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple,
2) показателем множ. числа существительного,
3) показателем притяжательного падежа существительного.
Предложения переведите.
1. Thomas Edisson’s invention of the new incandescent lamp founds great industry which now supplies electricity to the users.
2. Newcomen steam engine was invented in 1705 to pump water from the English coal mines.

Упражнение 2.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода определений, выраженных существительными (цепочка слов) и стоящих перед определяемым существительным (левое определение).
1. When the gases leaves the completely water cooled furnace they pass across the superheater furnace.
2. A heat exchanger consists of a metal wall through which heat flows from one fluid to another.

Упражнение 3.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
1. The pressure in the furnace was slightly less than atmospheric pressure.
2. The greater is the mixing of oxygen with combustible gases, the more is the increase of combustion rate.

Упражнение 4.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода отрицательных и неопределенных местоимений.
1. No energy can be created or destroyed in any physical transformation.
2. Some sources of energy are in use today.

Упражнение 5.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода слов it, one(one\'s), that, these, those в разных значениях.
1. This compound is similar to that one.
2. One must develop this method.
3. It is necessary to decompose these substances.

Упражнение 6.
Перепишите предложения. Определите в них залог, временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив, предложения переведите.
1. James Watt designed this machine.
2. In 1971 the station’s third power unit was put into operation.
3. Hydrogen and oxygen will be mixed in this way.

Упражнение 7.
Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимания на оборот there is(are).
1. In this superheater there will be a decrease in steam pressure due to friction in the superheater tubing.
2. Is there any danger of corrosion in the tubes due to low flue gas temparature?

Упражнение 8.
Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Atomic energy
1. A man that tries to see a single atom is like a man trying to see a single drop of water in the sea. He will see the sea made of great many drops of water but he will not be able to see a single drop. Man has, however, learned the secret of the atom. He has learned to split atoms in order to get great quantity of energy. At present, coal is one of the most important fuels and our basic source of energy. It is quite possible that some day coal and other fuel may be replaced by atomic energy.
2. The nuclear reactor is one of the most reliable “furnaces” that produce atomic energy. When reactor produces energy it produces energy in the form of heat. In other words, when atoms split in the reactor heat is developed. Gas, water, melted metals and some other liquids circulate through the reactor to carry that heat away. The heat may be carried to pipes of the steam generator that contains water. The steam drives a turbine; the turbine in its turn drives an electric generator. So we see that a nuclear power-station is like any other power-station but the familiar coal-burning furnace is replaced by a nuclear one.

Упражнение 9.
Из первого абзаца выпишите прилагательное в одной из степеней сравнения. Укажите три степени сравнения данного прилагательного и переведите его.

Упражнение 10.
Прочитайте второй абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер, содержащий наиболее точный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
What form does a nuclear reactor producу the energy in?
1. In the form of electric energy.
2. In the form of heat energy.
3. In the form of mechanical energy.

Контрольная работа 2
Упражнение 1.
Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глагола. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите.
1. The substance has changed its moleclar structure when exposed to sunshine.
2. This problem is being studied by a group of specialists.
3. The number of pressure stages in the impulse turbine is affected by the available heat drop.

Упражнение 2.
Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите.
1. The expansion of the steam must take place in the fixed nozzle passages.
2. The products of combustion have to be cooled sufficiently before they enter the superheater tubes.
3. The temperature of the cooling water has to vary only with atmospheric conditions.

Упражнение 3.
Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. The high gas temperatures caused increased slagging of the boiler surface.
2. Valves are opened periodically and some of the boiler water is blown to sewer, thus carrying out of the system impurities.

Упражнение 4.
Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. The tubular all heater is constructed by expanding vertical tubes into parallel tube sheet.
2. The American Society for testing materials had adopted a test procedure for determining the ignition temperature of liquid combustibles.

Упражнение 5.
Перепешите и письменно переведите текст.
1. Thomas Newcomen (1663-1729) invented his steam engine in 1705 to pump water from English coal mines. This machine was developed by 1720 and remained in use for 50 years.
2. In 1763 a self-taught man, the son of a Russian soldier Ivan Polzunov (1728-1766) worked out the project of the first universal steam engine. The construction of the engine involved great difficulties due to lack of necessary instruments, qualified assistants and in general lack of help and support. Polzunov had to do everything with his own hands. Polzunov’s engine had been working from August to November 10, 1766, when it was stopped and put out of operation bacause of a leak in the boilers. But Polzunov did not live to see the results of his work. He died in poverty on May 27, 1766.
3. Later, in the course of the industrial revolution in England, a number of inventors designed steam engines because the demand for these machines was urgent. A prominent place among these early inventors belongs to James Watt, an instrument maker at the University og Glasgow who perfected Newcomen’s engine.

Упражнение 6.
Выпишите из второго абзаца эквивалент модального глагола, выражающего должноствование. Переведите его.

Упражнение 7.
Прочитайте третий абзац и ответьте на вопрос:
Why did many inventors try to design a steam engine in the course of the industrial revolution?

В.И. Кириллова
Т.В. Лиоренцевич
К.Я. Сергеева
Т.С. Шарапа
Английский язык
Учебно-методическое пособие
для студентов заочного факультета
по направлению 140100-
Теплоэнергетика и теплотехника
Санкт-Петербург
2013

Стоимость выполнения контрольных работ на заказ уточняйте при заказе.
Готовые работы продаются только в распечатанном виде

Готовы следующие варианты:

Вариант 1

Контрольная работа 2
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите.
1. The greatest difficulty to the practical use of solar power, the production of energy when the sun is not shining, will be overcome.
2. The gas turbine is being used in such application as electric power generation.
3. The turbine efficiency is adversely affected by a decrease in the pressure drop through the turbine.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. All the work done by the turbine comes from the energy in the steam flowing through the turbine.
2. The steam impinges on the wheel blades causing the wheel to rotate.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. After condensing the steam is transformed from heat to the water.
2. The method for storing and transporting flue gases becomes criticized.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. To recover waste energy two major types of hardware are required: combustion equipment and heat transfer equipment.
2. Parameters to be measured in a control experiment include density and temperature of the fuel.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
1. The steam generating unit consists of a furnace, a boiler, superheater, economizer and an air heater. The fuel is burned in a furnace. The boiler is composed of a drum. The water level in the drum is mentioned at about mid-point which permits separation of the steam from the water. There is a bank of inclined tubes which are connected to the drum and permit water to circulate from the drum through the tubes and back to the drum. The hot products of combustion from the furnace flow across the boiler tubes and evaporate part of the water in the tubes. The furnace walls are composed of tubes which are also connected to the boiler drum and form very effective steam generating surface.
2. The steam which is separated from the water in the boiler drum then flows through a superheater. The superheater is a coil of tubes surrounded by the hot products of combustion. The temperature of the steam is increased in the superheater and the superheated steam flows through a piping to the turbine.

Упражнение №6. Выпишите из второго абзаца Past Participle (Participle II), укажите его функции и переведите.

Упражнение №7. Прочитайте первый абзац и ответьте на вопрос:
How is the steam separated from the water in the boiler?

Дата выполнения: 23/03/2015

Вариант 3

Контрольная работа 1
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода определений, выраженных существительными (цепочки слов) и стоящих перед определяемым словом (левое определение).
1. Pulverized coal furnaces are usually convertible to firing with oil or gas.
2. The flame shape determines the furnace width and depth dimensions.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
1. Most fuel is burned near the exit from the furnace.
2. The better the equipment suits to the type of the fuel, the more its efficiency will be.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода слов it, one (one’s), that, those в разных значениях.
1. We used materials that contained lead.
2. One can say that the heat is a form of energy.
3. It is now generally recognized: one of the most important problems of modern natural science is that of photosynthesis.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения, определите в них временные формы глагола. Укажите инфинитивы. Предложения переведите.
1. Scientists have produced a stable chemical compound to store the energy.
2. The support of some boilers is on the bottom.
3. First pressure stage of the impulse turbine can deal with a large energy drop.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите.
1. The feedwater can be converted into saturated steam of high quality at some desired pressure.
2. To maintain a high heat transfer for the heater the water velocity should be high.
3. The feedwater is able to be converted into saturated steam.

Упражнение №6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Renewable energy sources
1. In the future the energy of the sun, wind, sea and the heat of underground waters will be used on a large scale. These are the so-called “free” energy sources. They will be utilized only when they are more profitable than the traditional ones, because their exploitation is usually much more expensive than energy supply from large electric power stations which run on coal or nuclear fuel.
2. The utilization of the biomass – agricultural waters and city runoff – can be found very effective: they can be employed in obtaining gas.
3. In addition it may happen that new energy sources will be discovered. What if, for example, the vacuum is a boundless ocean of matter in some specific state? Perhaps in the future man will discover some ways of getting energy from this matter? Or, for example, the undiscovered cosmic forces. Or the annihilation energy which arises from the fusion of matter and anti-matter.
4. Now this is fantasy which may become reality. Unknown and undiscovered phenomena can be found more effective, than familiar ones.

Упражнение №7. Из первого абзаца выпишите прилагательное в одной из степеней сравнения. Укажите три степени сравнения данного прилагательного и переведите его.

Контрольная работа 2
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения, определите временные формы глагола. Укажите инфинитивы. Предложения переведите.
1. A stable chemical compound to store the energy has been produced by the scientists.
2. Some boilers are bottom supported.
3. A large energy drop can be dealt with in the first pressure stage of the impulse turbine.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. The classification of the injectors is based on the force of energy used to break up the liquid.
2. The double suction permits forces acting on the impeller to be balanced, thus reducing the axial thrust on the shaft.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. If steam is required for processing a turbine may be modified by extracting the steam.
2. There are two general methods of firing fuel commonly used: a) on stationary grates, b) on stockers.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. Combination of radial and convective heat transfers is used to improve the effectiveness of heat transfer.
2. The materials to be used for the construction of the modern boilers are described in this book.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
1. In 1882 Thomas Edison (1847-1931) started to Pearl Street Station in New York for the purpose of supplying electricity to the users of the new incandescent lamp. Thus was laid the foundation for great central station industry which now supplies the general public with electric light and power.
2. Parsons (1854-1931) patented a reaction turbine in 1884, and in 1889 de Laval (1845-1913) was granted patents on an impulse turbine. By 1910 the steam turbine had replaced the reciprocating steam engine in the central station industry.
3. During the last decade, the gas turbine in the form of turbojet engines has replaced the reciprocating internal combustion engine in the military combat airplane and the faster and larger commercial aircrafts. The gas turbine is also being used in such applications as electric power generation, natural gas transmission line pumping, and locomotives.
4. The development of the rockets revolutionized warfare with guided missiles and earth satellites. Since the rocket carries its own supply of oxygen for the burning of its fuel, it is capable of operating at altitudes where the earth’s atmosphere is highly rarefied.

Упражнение №6. Выпишите из первого абзаца герундий. Определите его функцию в предложении и переведите.

Упражнение №7. Прочитайте третий абзац и ответьте на вопрос:
What is the general use of a gas turbine?

Дата выполнения: 16/11/2014

Вариант 4

Контрольная работа 2
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения, определите временные формы глагола. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите.
1. The Sun energy 61 days in a crystal has been managed to store by Japan.
2. The efficiency of the overall recycle has been affected by the feed water heater.
3. The choice of material for condenser tubes is influenced by cooling water corrosive in nature.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. These plants produce a great quantity of liquid and gaseous wastes containing chlorinated hydrocarbons.
2. As the oxidation rate increases, the temperature gradually rises, increasing the rate of oxidation and hence the rate of temperature rise.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. When steam is needed within the power plant itself for heating boiler feed water, non-automatic extraction is generally used.
2. It is important for industries to investigate the possibility of recovering the millions of calories of heat that are lost every day.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. The tubes to be made of this metal will be used in different kinds of boilers.
2. An economizer and an air heater are provided to cool the products of combustion to the low temperature necessary for high efficiency.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
1. James Watt (1736-1819), an instrument maker at the University of Glasgo, while repairing a model of Newcomen engine, noticed the large waste of energy due to alternately heating the steam cylinder with steam and cooling it with injection water.
2. He realized that this loss could be reduced by keeping the cylinder as hot as possible with insulation. He understood that it was possible to use a separate condenser or water-cooled chamber which could be connected to the steam cylinder at the necessary time by a valve.
3. Later he closed the top of the steam cylinder with a cover or cylinder head, introduced steam alternately on both sides of the piston and thus made the engine double acting. He invented a governor to regulate the speed of the engine, a slide valve to control the admission, expansion and exhaust of the steam, a pump to remove the air and condensate from the condenser, and, in fact, brought the steam engine to a fairly high state of development.

Упражнение №6. Выпишите из первого абзаца причастие в функции обстоятельства и переведите.

Упражнение №7. Прочитайте второй абзац и ответьте на вопрос:
What invention was patented in 1769 by James Watt?

Дата выполнения: 16/05/2015

В.В.Кириллова, Ю.В.Ковба, Т.В.Лиоренцевич, Т.С.Шарапа
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Учебно-методическое пособие
для студентов-заочников
факультета "Экономика и менеджмент"
Санкт-Петербург
2007

Стоимость выполнения контрольной работы на заказ уточняйте при заказе.
Готовы следующие варианты:
Вариант 1, К.р. 3, 4
Вариант 2, К.р. 1, 2, 3, 4
Вариант 3, К.р. 1, 2, 4
Вариант 5, К.р. 2, 3, 4

Вариант 01

Контрольная работа 3
Упражнение №1.Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию в каждом предложении.
1) The aim of every economy is to maintain efficiency in the use of scarce resources.
2) To measure total output accurately is necessary for every businessman.
3) To measure total output accurately all goods and services produced in a year must be counted regularly.
4) The problem to consider is concerned with classification of resource categories.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на субъектный и объектный инфинитивные обороты (сложное подлежащее и сложное дополнение).
1) The merchant wants the transport system to be as safe, quick and cheap as possible.
2) Containers are known to transport almost all the products and to give a door-to- door service for exporters and importers.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них независимый причастный оборот. Предложения переведите, обращая внимание на особенности перевода указанной конструкции.
1) Production cost declining, producers will sell more products.
2) The price of any economic goods under market conditions is determined by the forces of supply, these forces acting through the sellers.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на перевод разных типов условных предложений.
1) If this letter had a properly typed heading, they could understand it quickly.
2) Were he able to supply the goods required, we would immediately place an order.
3) If the conference is provided with all the necessary documentation, it will be opened immediately.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
1) When it comes to dealing with the money, the banks provide variety of services essential to trade and to the economy of a country. There are two main types of bank: central and commercial. Central banks are the institutions which control the banking of the entire country; they work together with the government to control the country’s economy. Commercial banks are the public or private banks which people use for their everyday money matters. If you have a bank account, for example, it will be at a commercial bank.
2) There are three types of bank account: current account, deposit account and investment account. Current account is used for everyday transactions such as paying bills, transferring money and drawing cheques. Deposit account may be used for short-term, small savings; the money paid in current and deposit accounts earns a small amount of interest. Money paid into investment accounts earns more interest, but the customer has to inform the bank in advance when he wants to withdraw his money.

Упражнение №6. Прочитайте первый абзац. Найдите в нем сложноподчиненное предложение с условным придаточным и определите его тип.

Упражнение №7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос.
What are the basic types of bank account?

Контрольная работа 4
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода бессоюзных придаточных. Подчеркните придаточное предложение.
1. We value economic principles for the knowledge they contain.
2. They know the commercial banks offer a large number of services to the private customer.

Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, подчеркните глаголы “to have”и “to be” и определите их функцию в предложении.
1. The profit and loss accounts show the total amount of money which the firm has earned during the year, the total amount of money which it has spent and therefore the total profit (or loss) it has made.
2. The company has to pay interests on any money which it has borrowed, for example, from bank.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода глаголов “should”и “would”.
1. Unless you sent us price-lists and catalogues for all products manufactured by your company, our trade connections would be impossible.
2. It is important that you should use credit card.
3. We would like to ask you to grant us open account terms.
4. When you have written a letter, you should read it through carefully.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на значение предлогов, союзов, наречий.
1. Because of the recession the group’s profits became small.
2. The annual report shows the accounts of the British company only because its German subsidiary publishes its own report in Germany.
3. The layout is very important both in a department store and in a supermarket.
4. The travel industry becomes more competitive as travel firms offer their customers more comfortable service.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Marine insurance
1) Marine insurance is the oldest form of insurance. Back in the Middle Ages, ships were the most important form of transport and their cargo was often very valuable. Sometimes traders would even risk their whole capital with just one shipment. So somebody came up with the idea of forming a group to spread the risk – and marine insurance appeared. Very generally marine insurance works as follows: the ship and cargo owners (the insured) each pay a percentage of the value of their goods (the premium) into a fund administered by the insurance company (the insurer). If one of the insured then suffers a loss, he can claim compensation from the insurer for the loss. This means he will receive money from the fund to the value of the loss he suffered.
2) Some of the risks against which it is possible to take out insurance include: natural disasters (fire, floods, earthquakes etc.); loss of the goods through being washed over board; damage to the goods, for example, by breaking, bending; damage to the goods by vermin such as rats and mice; loss of the ship which transports the goods, for example, by sinking or collision with another ship.

Упражнение №6. Выпишите из первого абзаца бессоюзное придаточное предложение.

Упражнение №7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос:
What kind of damages can the goods suffer?

Вариант 02

Контрольная работа 1
Упражнение 1. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием "-s" и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно: 1) показателем III лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple, 2) признаком множественного числа имени существительного, 3) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного. Предложения переведите.
1. All these sums together give the group’s capital.
2. He buys goods at wholesale prices and sells them to his customers at higher prices.

Упражнение 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед определяемым существительным (левое определение).
1. The container revolution really began in USA in 1960’s.
2. Containers give a door-to-door service for exporters and importers.

Упражнение 3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода различных степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
1. The most usual ways to type the date in British business letters is: day, month, year.
2. The commercial banks offer a large number of services to the private customer. For business customers the number of services is even larger.
3. People use computers more and more at home. It is certain that they will go to the bank mush less often.
4. The more customers the bank gets the higher profits it has.

Упражнение 4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода отрицательных и неопределенных местоимений.
1. They decided to sell their product in other shops some of which have a serious reputation.
2. I regret, but we have no alternative but to cancel our order.
3. Are there any letters for me?

Упражнение 5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода слов it, one(one\'s), that, these, those в разных значениях.
1. One must distinguish economic facts from noneconomic.
Historically the most recent and the most important function of government 2. is that of stabilizing the economy.
3. It is self-interest which causes changes in society’s wants.
4. The goods and services which can be produced at a profit will be produced, and those which can be produced at a lost, will not.

Упражнение 6. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите.
1. The manager thought that the offer was good.
2. The manager sees an advertisement in a trade journal.
3. A short covering letter was dictated.
4. The catalogue and the price list will be sent tomorrow.

Упражнение 7. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода оборота there is(are).
1. There are two main types of shares: preference shares and ordinary shares.
2. Are there any problems in using computer link with a bank at home?

Упражнение 8. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Advertising
1. It is quite fashionable today to be critical of advertising. In fact, business, large or small, could not exist without it. Advertising bring together people who have something they want to sell and those, often hundreds of miles away, who wish to buy. The best product will not sell if no one knows that it is for sale. In its way advertising is as important in the world of commerce as production or distribution.
2. People have been advertising their goods for hundreds (and probably thousands) of years. Almost everyone uses it at some time or other: the large national firm with a new product which employs an advertising agency, the small shop that is going to have a January sale, the private individual who wants to sell a car or a cassette player. Any advertising agency has account directors, media planners, creative department and production department. The account director is the bridge between the client and the agency. He needs to understand the client’s special problems and to give advice. He is also the one who discusses the client’s needs with the managers from creative department and then take their ideas back to the client.

Упражнение 9. Выпишите из первого абзаца прилагательные, укажите три степени сравнения и переведите их.

Упражнение 10. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос:
What are the functions of an account director?

Контрольная работа 2
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите.
1. The customer has already required all the necessary information.
2. Freight planes are getting bigger because air journey is less expensive than by sea.
3. The profits of the company were referred to by a commercial journal.
4. We are required to examine in details this phenomenon.
5. Economic life is greatly affected by the government.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите.
1. The retailers have to study their customers and choose the way to please them.
2. Can you guarantee delivery within three weeks of receiving orders.
3. A good letter should be as long as is necessary to say what has to be said.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. The control established by the retailers was useful.
2. When examining these data we observe that consumption varies greatly.
3. These sellers are modifying the style of the layout in their shops.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них Gerund и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. Government plays an active role in promoting economic stability and growth.
2. The safety and convenience of using checks made checking accounts the most important type of money in the U. S. A.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Complaints.
1. If the seller causes a breach of contract, the buyer can make a complaint. If the seller is late in delivering the foods, the buyer can send one or more reminders and tell the seller that he will withdraw from the contract if the goods are not delivered by a certain date, the final deadline. It can be that the buyer reserved the right to cancel the order if the delivery was late. In this case, he can cancel his order without sending any reminders. If the complaint is justified, the seller has to make an adjustment, i.e. he has to offer the buyer some form of compensation.
2. It can happen that the buyer suffers a loss if the goods are delivered late – he may loose business, for example. In this case, he can claim damages from the seller. That means he can start legal proceedings for compensation. However, if the delay is caused by factors beyond the seller’s control, for example, floods, earthquakes, war, etc., the seller is not liable for any of the buyers losses.

Упражнение №6. Выпишите из первого абзаца глагол в пассивной форме.

Упражнение №7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос:
In what case can buyer start legal proceeding for compensation?

Контрольная работа 3
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию в каждом предложении.
1. The object of your enquiry is to obtain a special price for regular orders.
2. To satisfy import regulations is the aim of every buyer.
3. To satisfy import regulations the buyer required some special documents.
4. In the command economy the plan specifies the amounts of resources to be allocated to each enterprise.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на субъектный и объектный инфинитивные обороты (сложное подлежащее и сложное дополнение).
1. Bonds are considered to be less risky than stocks.
2. They consider this bank failure to be caused by the fact that all the possibilities of its financial improvement have not been exploited.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них независимый причастный оборот. Предложения переведите, обращая внимание на особенности перевода указанной конструкции.
1. The prices being particularly favourable, suppliers regularly make special offers of their goods.
2. Capitalism may be characterized as an automatic self- regulating system motivated by the self-interest of individuals, this system being regulated by competition.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на перевод разных типов предложений.
1. If you could offer this article at a competitive price, it would have a large sale in our country.
2. Were it possible to send us some samples of your product, we would analyze it more carefully and would make a decision about placing an order.
3. If the quality of the samples is poor, the buyers will not conclude the contract.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Commercial and pro-forma invoice
1) Commercial invoice is the seller`s formal request for payment. Along with the transport document it is probably the most important paper needed in an export transaction, as it`s also essential component of certain methods of payment, for example, the letter of credit, and indispensable for customs purposes. These should be several copies. Commercial invoice is a record of the transaction between the seller and the buyer, listing details of the goods, how much they cost and how they are to be transported. It is the basis on which the customs authorities assess how much duty or tax is to be paid. It is used to confirm the value of the goods for insurance purposes.
2) Unlike the commercial invoice, the pro-forma invoice is not a request for payment. Instead, it is a “sample” invoice, which the seller may issue when the buyer has requested a quotation or when the seller sends the buyer goods on approval. If the goods are to be sold by an agent, the agent will need a pro-forma invoice in order to be able to fix his own prices.

Упражнение №6. Выпишите из первого абзаца инфинитив в функции обстоятельства.

Упражнение №7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос:
In which cases may the seller issue the pro-forma invoice?

Контрольная работа 4
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода бессоюзных придаточных. Подчеркните придаточное предложение.
1. Manufacturers and businessmen cannot produce goods and services consumers do not desire.
2. We are sure a deposit account save your money.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, подчеркните глаголы “to have”и “to be” и определите их функцию в предложении.
1. The turnover is the total amount of money which the firm got from sales to its customers.
2. The bank has to send instructions to the bank of the supplier.
3. All the transfers of this businessman are carried out by the bank.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода глаголов “should” и “would”.
1. If you send details of your product, your client would be grateful.
2. It is necessary that the letter should be sent as soon as possible.
3. We would like to supply your order from the stock as we did years ago.
4. You should grant special terms for these orders.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на значение предлогов, союзов, наречий.
1. The correspondence between two firms has been entertained for a long time.
2. We are interested in your product for we believe it could find a ready market here.
3. Since 1990 the company has begun to expand.
4. Since negotiations have been interrupted, the managers left the city.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Distribution
1) When production of goods is completed they are brought to the consumer. This process is called distribution. Because commerce is an organized system, goods are produced in large quantities in one place by people who specialize. The consumer may be thousands of miles away, as, for example, when a person in Britain buys a Japanese television set. It is the function of transport to carry the products from the manufacturer to the consumer, and this may involve several journeys by road, rail, sea and air. You have only to look at the goods in a supermarket and at their many countries of origin to see that the world has become one large market.
2) Together with transport we must also think about communications. The telephone, the postal services and computers make commerce possible; without them traders would never be able to buy and sell goods in national and international markets. To get the goods to the consumer at the right time, in the right condition and in the right quality are the functions of warehousing and of the wholesale and retail organization of commerce.

Упражнение №6. Выпишите из первого абзаца глагол “to have” в разных функциях. Определите их.

Упражнение №7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос:
What are the functions of warehousing and of the wholesale and retail organization of commerce?

Вариант 03

Контрольная работа 1
Упражнение 1. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием "-s" и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно: 1) показателем III лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple, 2) признаком множественного числа имени существительного, 3) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного. Предложения переведите.
1). Instead of sending documents by post, the bank sends instructions to the suppliers bank by phone, cable or by direct computer link.
2). This shop belongs to a large group, but it has the old owner’s name over the door.

Упражнение 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед определяемым существительным (левое определение).
1). Roy Smith is a long-distance lorry driver for a road transport company.
2). The transport manager talks to the driver about the journey.

Упражнение 3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода различных степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
1). The most important kinds of formal letters are enquiries, offers and orders.
2). Because the shops are small, they are easier and cheaper to operate.

Упражнение 4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода отрицательных и неопределенных местоимений.
1). There are many different types of business letters, some formal and some less formal.
2). A German visitor who comes to Britain with eurocheque from his bank can use it in English shops without any problems.
3). Transferring money by means of a computer takes only a few seconds and no money at all changes hands.

Упражнение 5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода слов it, one(one\'s), that, these, those в разных значениях.
1). Among the companies that published their annual reports is the N. S. company.
2). The small shops are easier to operate, than those of larger owners.
3). It takes a few days for the document to arrive.
4). The use of one’s resources for the production of drugs is prohibited by law.

Упражнение 6. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите.
1). In a modern society people do not produce all necessary things for themselves. The goods and services which people need are produced by others who specialize in this work.
2). The wholesalers bought large quantity of goods from the producers and transported them in bulk to different parts of the country.
3). The cargo was transported yesterday.

Упражнение 7. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода оборота there is(are).
1). There is a long list of things which men and women need in their lives: food, clothes, a place in which they can live, etc.
2). There are two types of production: primary production which get raw materials from the earth and secondary production which uses raw materials to produce goods.

Упражнение 8. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
What is a retailer?
1). The word “retail” comes from an old French word retailler – to “cut again”, and this describes exactly what a retailer does. He buys large quantities of goods from wholesaler – whole cheeses, whole lambs, large bags of sugar and so on – “cuts” them into smaller quantities and resells them to the consumer at a profit.
2). A hundred years ago the traditional type of shops were small shops owned and run by one or two men and their families, full of lovely old cheeses, bacon and large bags of flour. The small corner shop still exists today, but it is no longer the most important type of shop. Shops have become bigger (and less personal). In the high street we now find self-service supermarkets and chain stores; away from the town centers, even many corner shops are “multiples” – that is, they belong to a large group of shops although they still have the old owner’s name over the door. Outside the town itself, there are hypermarkets with their large car-parks. They sell everything and their prices are often lower because they do not have to pay the high rents of the high street shops.

Упражнение 9. Выпишите из второго абзаца слова с окончанием "s", укажите их функцию.

Упражнение 10. Прочитайте первый абзац, ответьте на вопрос:
What does a retailer do?

Контрольная работа 2
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите.
1). Recently he has seen an advertisement in the new trade journal about a new type of computer.
2). This firm was exporting office equipment in the North of England.
3). Delivery will be effected as soon as possible.
4). This manufacturer can be dealt with.
5). The terms of payment are affected by the economical position of the firm.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите.
1). These stores are to be closed with a great loss.
2). We would be glad to have you as our customers.
3). They can use all the information.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите.
1). Thee goods delivered yesterday are perfect.
2). Price and quantity of the goods supplied are directly related.
3). When operating at full employment the economy shows its best efficiency.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них Gerund и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1). The price system is incapable of registering all social or collective wants.
2). On reflecting we realize that we indeed buy many goods for the services which they render.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Leasing.
1). Leasing is different to the other terms of payment. It is generally used for larger objects such as buildings, land and machinery. A lease is an agreement between the owner of the object and the person who wants to use it, which fives the leaseholder, permission to use the object for a fixed period, usually several years. In return, the leaseholder pays rent to the owner, and is responsible for the object leased (he has to arrange insurance and carry out repairs, for example).
2). Leasing is a good way to earn a regular income from one’s property over a long period. The main risk here is that the leaseholder may not be able to keep up his payments. When the lease expires, the leaseholder may be able to extend it or even to buy the object at a reduced price. In case of items such as technical equipment, he may be able to return the object and take out a lease on a newer model.

Упражнение №6. Выпишите из первого абзаца Past Participle в функции определения.

Упражнение №7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос:
What may the leaseholder do when the lease expires?

Контрольная работа 4
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода бессоюзных придаточных. Подчеркните придаточное предложение.
1) Businesses combine resources they have obtained to produce and supply goods and services.
2) We know the bank will give you a cheque card because you have had an account with this bank for some time.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, подчеркните глаголы “to have”и “to be” и определите их функцию в предложении.
1) These firms have received goods but have not paid yet.
2) This firm has to pay its loan immediately.
3) In the center of London there is an area of about one square mile which is called simply the “City”.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода глаголов “should” и “would”.
1) If you passed the necessary credit, we should be obliged.
2) It is important that the money should be transferred abroad.
3) We would appreciate a prompt answer.
4) A business letter should begin with sentences that will introduce the matter without delay.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на значение предлогов, союзов, наречий.
1) The company always buys and sells shares: either preference shares or ordinary ones.
2) The group lost $ 1.000 000 as it closed three stores in America.
3) The group keeps a part of its profits each year for it may need it in the future. This money is called its “reserves”.
4) Because the shops are small, they are easier and cheaper to operate than big supermarkets.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Warehousing and documentation
1) Warehouses are buildings where goods are stored until they are needed. Chain stores have central depots where store goods until they are delivered to the local shops; factories have warehouses where they keep parts for products which they make; goods have to wait in warehouses at the docks until they can go onto ships. Today many warehouses are controlled by the computers and some are completely automatic, with conveyors, electric eyes and packing machines which do the work of many men.
2) Even in the modern world the transport of goods, often over long distances and from country to country, can be a big risk. Will the goods arrive in the right place at the right time? Has the buyer received the goods which he ordered? Will the buyer pay for the foods when he receives them? Will the transporter (the railway or the shipping company, for example) deliver the foods safely? A lot of documentation is necessary if the answer to these and other questions is to be ‘yes’. This documentation is now mere or less standardized, however.

Упражнение №6. Выпишите из первого абзаца глагол “to be” в разных функциях. Определите их.

Упражнение №7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос:
Is the transport of goods still a big risk in the modern world?

Вариант 05

Контрольная работа 2
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите.
1. The firm is beginning a correspondence with a new supplier.
2. He had closed the business letter with the necessary phrase.
3. Difficulties are often met with when you solve economic problems.
4. The price is influenced by the government in many ways.
5. The terms of payment were referred to in this business letter.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите.
1. Government should increase its own spending on public goods and services.
2. During a depression, some firms had to close down.
3. The shopkeeper could resell his product at a profit.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. Goods are ordered in large quantity.
2. These corporations constituting only 14% of the business population produce 2/3 of total business output.
3. Beginning in the mid 1970`s the inflation had grown.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них Gerund и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. Knowing what to buy is only one third of the buying operation.
2. A knowledge of economics may be helpful in running business or in managing one`s personal finances.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
The transport network. Roads and trains.
1) The roads carry the largest volume of inland transport. The main reason for this is that road transport is a door-to-door service and goods can travel direct from factory to factory or from producer to consumer, often on a company`s own lorries. The company`s transport manager knows exactly when the goods he sends will arrive and that somebody will load them safely because this happens at his own factory.
2) Even if goods travel for other parts of their journey by rail, sea or air, lorries will still be necessary to and from the railway depots, the docks and airports, and to bring the goods in the end to the shops in the centers of towns. Road transport must therefore be part of any transport system. The disadvantage of road transport is that even the largest lorry can carry only about 10 tons while a train can take cargoes of over 1,000 tons. For large cargoes, on journeys of 300 kilometers or more, trains are more economical than lorries.

Упражнение №6. Выпишите из первого абзаца модальный глагол и дайте его эквивалент.

Упражнение №7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос:
Why are lorries necessary in the road transport?

Контрольная работа 3
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию в каждом предложении.
1. Large firms have to use special export order form when placing an order.
2. To execute the order promptly is the aim of any supplier.
3. To display their goods the sellers use their shop windows.
4. The price of the product to be offered will fall immediately under such circumstances.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на субъектный и объектный инфинитивные обороты (сложное подлежащее и сложное дополнение).
1. The competitive price system seems to contain the incentive for technological progress.
2. The economists found the public sector to have important deficiencies in fulfilling its economic functions.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них независимый причастный оборот. Предложения переведите, обращая внимание на особенности перевода указанной конструкции.
1. Consumers acting rationally, the first dollar of their income is spent upon basic high-urgency goods.
2. During periods of depression saving is an economic vice, the reason being that too much saving is the cause of unemployment or depression.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на перевод разных типов условных предложений.
1. If the demand were great enough to provide a normal profit, business would produce the necessary product.
2. Were the innovations successful, great profit income could be achieved.
3. If the goods are properly packed and marked, they will be ready for shipment.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Types of insurance policy.
1) There are several types of insurance policy. Voyage policy covers the chip and /or cargo for one voyage only. This kind of policy may specify a limit within which the ship is expected to arrive at the port of destination. It is used by people or companies who only have to ship goods occasionally. Time policy is used most often. It covers all shipments made within a certain period of time. The premium is paid in advance. The insured has the responsibility of filling out an insurance certificate for each shipment, so that he can present an accurate record at the end of the period of insurance.
2) With a floating policy, the insured and insurer agree in advance on a certain sum at which the goods are to be insured. The insured can then make as many shipments as he wants until this value has been reached when the policy expires. And finally mixed policy is a combination of the voyage and time policies. The ship and/or cargo is covered for all voyages between two named ports for a certain period of time.

Упражнение №6. Выпишите из первого абзаца предложение со сложным подлежащим.

Упражнение №7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос:
How many shipments can the insured make with a floating policy?

Контрольная работа 4
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода бессоюзных придаточных. Подчеркните придаточные предложения.
1. The staff must be prepared to answer accurately specific questions about merchandise they are trying to sell.
2. They assured the letter would arrive in time.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, подчеркните глаголы “to have”и “to be” и определите их функцию в предложении.
1. The client who wants to open an account has some questions about banking.
2. The bank of England is giving support to sterling.
3. In 1972 this businessman had to leave his home in the East Africa.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода глаголов “should” и “would”.
1. If consignment were sent to you, transshipment at the port N. would be necessary.
2. It is necessary that the cheque should be received immediately.
3. Your customers would like our new material, a sample of which we send you with this letter.
4. This letter should be accompanied by an enclosure.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на значение предлогов, союзов, наречий.
1. For the last 20 years the company has been making a name for itself.
2. The shopkeeper could not understand the buyer for he spoke some unknown language.
3. The shareholders could meet the director and ask questions because a special annual General Meeting was organized by the company.
4. Because of great dividend on ordinary shares the group`s profits were large.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Types of loss
1) Insurers distinguish between total loss and partial loss. An actual total loss (ATL) occurs when the ship cargo have sunk and cannot be recovered. If the ship disappears after leaving the port or if it is a long overdue, this also means an actual total loss. If the ship returns after a claim for ATL is settled, it automatically becomes the property of the insurers. A constructive total loss (CTL) occurs when the ship or goods are so badly damaged that the cost of repairing them would be greater than their market value.
2) As for partial loss, it can be either particular average or general average. Particular average occurs when the object insured is lost or damaged because of an accident, such as fire or flood on board the ship. The loss is borne by the person to whom the ship belonged. General average occurs when the object insured is sacrificed in order to prevent a total loss; for example, goods may be thrown overboard in order to stop a ship sinking. The may loss is borne by all parties – both the ship owner and the cargo owner.

Упражнение №6. Выпишите из первого абзаца глагол “would” и укажите его функцию.

Упражнение №7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос:
When does general average occur?

Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение
высшего профессионального образования
Санкт-Петербургский государственный технологический университет растительных полимеров
В.В. Кириллова, Т.В. Лиоренцевич
Т.С. Шарапа, М.А. Васильева
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Учебно-методическое пособие
для студентов заочного факультета
по специальностям
080100 «Экономика», 080200 «Менеджмент»
Санкт-Петербург
2013

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Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Федеральное агентство по образованию
Государственное образовательное учреждение
высшего профессионального образования
Санкт-Петербургский государственный
технологических университет растительных полимеров
Немецкий язык
Методические указания и контрольные работы
для студентов заочников I курса
Санкт-Петербург
2004

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Готовы следующие варианты:
Вариант 2, К.р. 1

Немецкий язык
Сборник заданий и контрольных работ
для студентов-заочников второго курса
всех специальностей
Санкт-Петербург
2006

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НЕМЕЦКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Сборник текстов для студентов-заочников
I и II курсов всех специальностей
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2008

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Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования
Санкт-Петербургский государственный технологический университет растительных полимеров
В.В.Кириллова, Т.В.Лиоренцевич, Г.И.Найданова, А.М.Знаменская
Английский язык
Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов заочного факультета
Санкт-Петербург
2013

Стоимость выполнения контрольной работы по английскому языку на заказ ... руб.
Готовы следующие варианты:

К.р.1 Вариант 1

Контрольная работа 1
Вариант 1
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед существительным (левое определение).
1. This communication program serves for connecting to outside information over phone lines.
2. Years of research went into developing the prototype of today’s popular graphical user interfaces.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык разных степеней прилагательных и наречий.
1. One of the examples of a simpler, less expensive secondary memory medium is the audio tape cassette.
2. The harder the instruction word, the more power is implemented.
3. In all types of computer systems, from the smallest dedicated microprocessor system to the largest full size computer, memory plays a very essential part.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык слов it, one, (one's), that, these, those в разных значениях.
1. It is useful to have a system that has enough memory to accommodate the largest application program.
2. When an instruction is completed the PC selects another one.
3. It was the invention of the computer that revolutionized the thinking process.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив, переведите предложения.
1. It was reported, that this group of engineers had obtained all the necessary information for their work.
2. In the following decades various industries will develop systems of electronic data interchange.
3. The operators supervise the state of the machine tools.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные грамматические значения и функции глаголов should и would.
1. For a digital computer information has to be in the form of digits or numbers.
2. Any information may be represented by the binary system including two digits: one (1) and zero (0).
3. One should know the difference between the digital and analog computers.
4. Could we improve the control system, the problem would be solved.
5. Provided we used this new method we should obtain better results.

Упражнение №6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
THE FUTURE OF CYBERSPACE
1. In the last thirty years, the Internet has grown dramatically. In 1983, only 200 computers were connected to the Internet; now there are millions and this growth is going to continue. Some experts are pessimistic about the future. One worry is the activity of cyber-criminals. Even now, young hackers can get into the computers of banks and government. In the future, cyber-terrorists may “attack” the world’s computers, cause chaos and make planes and trains crash.
2. However, many people are optimistic about the future of the Internet. Already users can buy books, find out about holiday offers, book tickets, go shopping and get all sorts of information from the Internet. It is clear that the Net is as interesting and exciting as the people and organizations that are connected to it. The Internet enables you to do a lot of things simultaneously. You can read the latest copy of your favorite newspaper and send e-mail to someone. The arrival of digital TV promises even more exciting things. Some specialists believe that in the future the television will be probably replaced by the Internet. The postal service may also disappear with the increasing use of e-mail. We will probably live in virtual reality: we will work in virtual offices, shop in virtual supermarkets, and we will even study in virtual schools and universities.

Упражнение №7. Выпишите из второго абзаца текста предложения, содержащие прилагательные в одной из степеней сравнения.

Упражнение №8. Прочитайте 1-й абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
Why are some experts pessimistic about the future of the Internet?
1. We will probably live in virtual reality.
2. The television will be probably replaced by the Internet.
3. In the future cyber-terrorists may “attack” the world’s computers and cause chaos.

К.р.1 Вариант 2

Контрольная работа 1
Вариант 2
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед существительным (левое определение).
1. The instruction manuals for most software applications contain a section which describes the function of each key or combination of keys.
2. A display adapter card is actually what builds the video images.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык разных степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
1. Much simpler computer’s user interface is one of the greatest advantages for most computer users.
2. Let the robot replace people working in harmful conditions, and the sooner the better.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык слов it, one (ones), that, these, those в разных значениях.
1. Electronics makes it possible to raise industrial automation to a higher level.
2. One can divide memories into two major types: static memories and dynamic memories.
3. Static memories are those that retain the information without the need to refresh that information at frequent time intervals.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив, переведите предложения.
1. Improved software packages are appearing on the market.
2. Automation has also had an influence on the areas of economy other than manufacturing.
3. Some experts think that virtual reality will become a part of modern life.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные грамматические значения и функции глаголов should и would.
1. The same set of characters may have meaning sometimes as a number, sometimes as an instruction.
2. We have to develop automatic control for industry, business and scientific research.
3. It is necessary to buy a printer if the personal computer is to be used to print letters or other information.
4. It is necessary that the program should be written in advance.
5. It would be impossible to imagine our life without computers.

Упражнение №6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
COMPUTER REVOLUTION
1. 50 years ago people didn’t even hear of computers, and today we cannot imagine life without them. Computer technology is the fastest growing industry in the world. The first computer was the size of a minibus and weighed a ton. Today, its job can be done by a chip the size of a pin head. And the revolution is still going on. Very soon we’ll have computers that will be worn on our wrists or even in our glasses and earrings. The next generations of computers will be able to talk and even think for themselves. They will contain electronic ‘neural network’. Of course, they’ll be still much simpler than human brains, but it will be the greatest step forward. Such computers will help to diagnose illnesses, find minerals, identify criminals and control space travel.
2. Some people say that computers are dangerous, but I don’t agree with them. They save a lot of time and give access to a lot of information. They seldom make mistakes. It’s much faster and easier to surf the Internet than to go to the library. On-line shopping makes it possible to find exactly what you want at the best price, saving both time and money. E-mail is a great invention too. It’s faster than sanding a letter and cheaper than sending a telegram. All in all, I strongly believe that computers are the useful tool. They have changed our life for the better. So why shouldn’t we make them work to our advantage?

Упражнение № 7. Выпишите из первого абзаца текста предложения, содержащие прилагательные в одной из степеней сравнения.

Упражнение № 8. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащий правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
What is the main advantage of using computers?
1. They have small size.
2. They save a lot of time and give access to a lot of information.
3. They aren’t dangerous for human beings.

К.р.1 Вариант 3

Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед существительным (левое определение).
1. The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms.
2. Manufacture is one of the most important application fields for automation technology.
3. Random access memory (RAM) is the volatile computer memory.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык разных степеней прилагательных и наречий.
1. One of the most important tasks of microcomputer is to store the data for later processing.
2. The higher the complexity of the tasks performed by the computer, the harder and more costly the computer becomes.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык слов it, one, (one's), that, these, those в разных значениях.
1. It is an industrial technology and scientific development that electronic device contributed greatly.
2. To improve computing machines one should improve memory device.
3. The methods of control of the units are similar to those of a telephone network.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив, переведите предложения.
1. In nearly all industrial robotic applications, the robot provides a substitute for human labour.
2. The productivity of the hardware has increased greatly in recent years.
3. The computer technology is still evolving.
4. In the future, computers will bring a lot of benefits, but they will also increase the potential for imaginable chaos.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные грамматические значения и функции глаголов should и would.
1. The instructions are recorded in the order in which they are to be carried out.
2. The first automatic computers could operate at a low speed.
3. It should be noted that the first generations of personal computers which came onto the market between 1977 and 1981 had 8-bit microprocessor.
4. It would require millions of arithmetical operations to solve a lot of technical and scientific problems without a computer.
5. Should the circuit be closed the specific operation would take place.

Упражнение №6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
BILL GATES – THE RICHEST MAN IN THE WORLD
1. Everyone has heard of Bill Gates, the icon of American business and the richest man in the world. Microsoft, the business he started with a friend in 1975 has become the world’s largest computer software company. Bill Gates was born on the 28-th of October, 1955, in Seattle, USA. Seattle was once famous for producing Boeing aircraft, but is now better known as the home of Microsoft. From his parents Bill got a good business sense and a quick mind. At 13 he got interested in computers. Bill Gates and his friend Paul Allen spent all their time writing programmes and learning about computers.
2. After finishing school in 1973 Bill went to Harvard, America’s most famous university. Most of the time he worked on the computers in the university laboratory. The next year, he and Paul Allen wrote an operating programme for the Altair, one of the world’s first microcomputers. The two friends started Microsoft in1975 and very soon it became a big success. In 1980, Gates bought an operating system DOS. He made some changes to it and called it MS-DOS. He sold the rights to use the system to IBM. MS-DOS became the standard operating system for all PCs of that time. Microsoft has also developed such well-known programmes as Windows, Excel and Internet Explorer. Bill’s dream is to computerize everything – TV, telephones, lights, even the way you cook dinner.

Упражнение №7. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца текста предложения, содержащие прилагательные в одной из степеней сравнения.

Упражнение №8. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
Which operating system (programme), developed by Bill Gates, was the first to come onto the market?
1. an operating system called MS-DOS.
2. an operating system called Windows.
3. an operating programme for the Altair, one of the world’s first microcomputers.

К.р.1 Вариант 4

Контрольная работа 1
Вариант 4
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед существительным (левое определение).
1. The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data.
2. The monitor is a component with a display screen for viewing computer data, television programmes.
3. Software is the final computer system component.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык разных степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
1. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another.
2. We structure our computers from several processors, arrange them so that the greater the number of the processors, the faster the supercomputer.
3. The new computer programme was much longer than the previous one, but as reliable as possible.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык слов it, one, (ones), that, these, those в разных значениях.
1. It was Norbert Weiner who was recognized as the father of cybernetics.
2. One should remember about timing problem with execution an instruction.
3. That computer is more efficient than the old one.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения.
1. After the computer had received the data it began to process the information.
2. Bill Gates made some changes to DOS-operating system and renamed it MS-DOS.
3. The input unit had made possible communication between human beings and the computer.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные грамматические значения и функции глаголов should и would.
1. We have to continue developing automatic control for industry, business, education and scientific research.
2. A smart robot should be able to think, sense and move any material part or device through variable programmed motions.
3. The device may be used to process information.
4. Some operations for this computer should be changed and new instructions should be added.
5. If something should go wrong with the computer, you could lose the results of your work.

Упражнение №6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
INTEL OPENS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENER.
1. Intel, the world’s leading microprocessor producer, has opened a research and development centre in St. Petersburg. The new centre will boost the city’s economy and help Russia to promote the computer technology. The St. Petersburg centre will play a key role in developing the basic building blocks of “Management Runtime Environment” technology. The applications will help to run faster and more efficiently, and higher quality software will be developed much faster.
2. The market in Russia and St. Petersburg continues to grow and smart people are needed to serve this market and better help it. For these reasons Intel decided to open a lab here. All the lab employers were subcontracted from St. Petersburg Elbrus, a leader in computer technology research. In St. Petersburg 5000 students start studying computer programming every year. The city has a very big potential and is home to some of the best computer engineers in the world. This project is very good for Russia because this actually means that local talented engineers can stay on, be employed by one of the biggest, world-class companies. They can apply their knowledge, be used and also they can earn decent salaries.

Упражнение №7. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца текста предложения, содержащие прилагательные в одной из степеней сравнения.

Упражнение №8. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
Why did Intel decide to open the centre in ST. Petersburg?
1. The company needs to develop new product.
2. The company wants to pay high salaries to ST. Petersburg computer engineers.
3. The company needs the new computer market and smart people to serve it.

К.р.1 Вариант 5

Контрольная работа 1
Вариант 5
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед существительным (левое определение).
1. Data communication within and between computers systems is handled by the system software.
2. A high level language is a language in which each instruction or statement corresponds to several machine code instructions.
3. Hybrid computers combine the desirable speed and flexibility characteristics of general and specific purpose computers.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык разных степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
1. Windows makes running most application programs much easier.
2. One of the newest, most innovative areas of computer application is Computer-Aided Design and Drafting.
3. The longer and more sophisticated microcomputer programs, the more impractical it is to code them in low level languages.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык слов it, one, (ones), that, these, those в разных значениях.
1. It is an input unit that accepts information from outside the computer.
2. One knows that debugging still remains one of the most difficult and unsatisfactory operations.
3. It is obvious, that the efficiency of the old apparatus is low compared with that of the new one.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения.
1. The computer stores the information in the registers.
2. Computers have greatly facilitated the use of feedback in manufacturing processes.
3. The term automation means performing certain tasks by machines.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения.
1. The system must be able to recognize speaker’s instructions from speech patterns.
2. An addition arithmetic logic unit had to be incorporated to handle portions of the address.
3. These operations may be performed on numbers of words.
4. One should be careful when writing a computer program.
5. We supposed they would use other kind of memory for solving the task.

Упражнение №6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
THE AGE OF AUTOMATIC
1. We live in the age of great developments in science and engineering. More than two hundred years ago the invention of the textile machinery started the industrial revolution. In less than a century machines were used in all the branches of industry. They made all kinds of operations of a factory worker much better, much faster and at a lower cost than factory workers did. Thus the first industrial revolution freed man’s hands from hard and monotonous labour. In the 1920s the automobile industry for the first time used an integrated system of production. This method of production was adopted by most car manufactures and became known as Detroit automation. The term automation means performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated system is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products.
2. Automated manufacturing had several steps in the development. Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation. The simplification of work made it possible to design and build machines that resembled the motions of the worker. These specialized machines were motorized and they had better production efficiency. Introduction of microprocessors and computers gave rise to automation technology. The term automation is also used to describe non-manufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control. Such devices as automatic mints, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people.

Упражнение №7. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца текста предложения, содержащие прилагательные в одной из степеней сравнения.
Упражнение №8. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
What was the first step in the development of automation?
1. the introduction of microprocessors;
2. the introduction;
3. mechanization of manufacturing operations.

К.р.2 Вариант 1

Контрольная работа 2
Вариант 1
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения, определите залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Переведите предложения.
1. Today all the computers are broadly specified as special-purpose and general-purpose computers.
2. These computers are being operated by the programmers.
3. The invention of computers was spoken of at the last lecture.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Переведите предложения.
1. Engineers working on the same project communicate among themselves and share information.
2. Only when combined with a production system, robots will be used as helpers for economic and productivity increase.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Переведите предложения.
1. In a computer the memory serves the function of storing instructions, data and results of computation.
2. Logical operations include comparing, selecting, storing, matching, etc.
3. The control is performed by decoding the contents of Instruction Register.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию. Переведите предложения.
1. To solve complex problems is the main purpose of the computers.
2. To solve complex problems we use different computers.
3. The problem to consider is very important.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
THE RAPID RATE OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND THE END USER
1. The first microcomputer was built in 1975. Since that time many models have been introduced with increasing speeds and capacities. Microcomputers are used at schools, in homes, and in offices. Today sophisticated software is made up of hundreds of thousands of instructions. The advance of technology continues, making the buying decision more complex. It isn't just hardware - new, improved software packages appear on the market almost as soon as users have mastered the prior ones.
2. What's driving this continual match *? There is no doubt that users want more powerful, easier-to-use technology. There is no doubt that computer firms want to turn out more product to generate more profits. So what if users want to stay with what they have now? Staying with the old software is possible. You can still use the software to do what you’ve always done, but you risk being left behind by the last-moving train of technological advance. No one wants to be left behind, watching everyone else move up to the new technology standards.
3. So there are risks to standing still. But there are also risks to forever riding the wave of technological advance which can be expensive. You have to throw out perfectly good hardware and software and purchase the latest available. Your new computing equipment should help you become more productive. But what do you do when the next software or the next microprocessor come out? When should you upgrade again? Unfortunately, there are no easy answers, just a wide range of options.

Упражнение №6. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца текста причастия и укажите, какие функции в предложении они выполняют.

Упражнение №7. Выпишите из 3-го абзаца текста герундий и укажите его функции.

Упражнение №8. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос.
Does the end user have any risk using old software and hardware?

К.р.2 Вариант 2

Контрольная работа 2
Вариант 2
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения, определите залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Переведите предложения.
1. An instruction is a command, which is given to the computer and consists of a verb (an operational code) and a noun (an operand).
2. These devices were used in our laboratory.
3. Modern personal computers are always looked at with interest.
4. By the appointed time all the changes in the control program had been finished.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Переведите предложения.
1. Any operation performed by a computer must be interpreted into a machine code.
2. (When) controlling automatic production the electronic machine sends the necessary commands to the control panel according to the programme.
3. The control program is a large program occupying thousands of bytes.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Переведите предложения.
1. The central processing unit contains facilities for addressing main storage, for fetching and storing information, etc.
2. Detecting and correcting any errors is called debugging.
3. After taking special training the workers become highly skilled operators of automatic system.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию. Переведите предложения.
1. The new pulp and paper mills are to be equipped with automation control system.
2. The technology to support the development of microprocessor has grown rapidly.
3. Users work with the program interactively to synthesize logic functions and produce functional designs.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
PORTABLE COMPUTERS
1. The first digital computer was built in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania. In its early days it required 18500 vacuum tubes, storing information. Obviously, a 30-ton computer had its limitations. Scientists and engineers had to work hard, making it better. Using transistors as small amplifiers in place of the large vacuum tubes they could reduce the size and cost of computers.
2. In the early 1960’s the first microcomputers were sold commercially. The revolution was going on. Less than a decade later, the microcomputer was invented. The basic unit of the microcomputer is a tiny silicon chip, serving different computer functions. Having very small size each chip is able to contain thousands of elements. One of the latest developments is bubble memory used for the purpose of storing information in tiny magnetic spots or islands. They hold the information without loosing it when the power is turned off.
3. The great advances in microelectronics have helped achieve the moon landing and create highly technological devices. Still the computer revolution is moving on. Portable computers are the latest innovation. In the smallest of the portables the disk drives have been replaced by bubble memory chips. In these computers information can be stored on the road, in the classroom, at conferences, at the library, or elsewhere and later transferred to printer or convention disk drive memory. Hand-held computers are very light in weight and small in size and can be useful for some situations, but there are some drawbacks. The displays are rarely more than a single short line in length, and the keyboard is too small.

Упражнение №6. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца текста причастия и укажите, какие функции в предложении они выполняют.

Упражнение №7. Выпишите из 2-го абзаца текста герундий и укажите его функции.

Упражнение №8. Прочитайте 3-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос.
What are the main advantages of hand-held computers?

К.р.2 Вариант 3

Контрольная работа 2
Вариант 3
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Переведите предложения.
1. Hardware configuration depends on what computer system is designed for.
2. Today most robots are used in manufacturing operations.
3. The sequence of operations was performed by the computer.
4. This information can be relied upon.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Переведите предложения.
1. (When) pressing the key the operator makes the adding machine operate.
2. Printed circuit boards are getting smaller, but have an increasing number of complex integrated circuits.
3. Bits are typically grouped in units called bytes.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Переведите предложения.
1. The task of improving memory device is of great importance.
2. She insisted on carrying out the experiment.
3. Compiling a program requires great attention of a programmer.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию. Переведите предложения.
1. To design an efficient control system is quite a difficult task.
2. The experiments to be carried out will be very important.
3. A program for a computer is an exact sequence of instructions that it uses to solve a problem.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
WHY NOT BUY COMPUTER?
1. The first microcomputer was built in 1985. Since that time many models have been introduced with increasing speeds and capacities. New areas are developing in the fifth generation, including artificial intelligence, expert systems and natural languages. The PC is known for its flexibility and ability to manipulate data. The variety of choices being offered makes the buying decision more complex, however, and you have to know enough about microcomputers to make an intelligent choice. A microcomputer system is a significant investment. While purchasing one you should think seriously about what you want to do.
2. But even knowing what you want to do with the computer, how do you find out what fits your needs? Experience is best; possibilities include your school’s computer, friends who can give you advice, computer rental agencies, and computer dealers. You should do some research; popular computer magazines provide a lot of information, including reviews of software and hardware. Ultimate, the most important factor in buying computer is making sure it will be able to handle the job(s) you have in mind.

Упражнение №7. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца текста причастия и укажите их в предложении.

Упражнение №8. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос.
What should you do when buying a computer?

К.р.2 Вариант 4

Контрольная работа 2
Вариант 4
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Переведите предложения.
1. The PC hardware has been upgraded.
2. The experiments on the new microcomputer were being carried out during the whole month.
3. The information was received by the input of the computer.
4. The development of MS-DOS was followed by Microsoft Windows.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функции. Переведите предложения.
1. The operator pressing the keys makes the calculator operate.
2. Discussing the advantages of the new memory unit the professor gave the students all the necessary explanations.
3. The time required to transmit one computer word out of the memory to where it will be used is called the memory access time.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Переведите предложения.
1. After compiling the instruction the Program Counter selects a new one.
2. He is responsible for writing the computer program.
3. Selecting one type over the other is almost a choice between the cost of the machine and computational speed.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив, укажите его функцию. Переведите предложения.
1. To make possible communication from a human being and a computer is the main purpose of the input unit.
2. Information has to be in the form of digits or characters for a digital computer.
3. The input to be described here is a new device.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
SOME MORE FACTS ABOUT COMPUTERS.
1. The history of computing covers less than two hundred years. The early years from 1830-1950 were considered its infancy. Charles Babbage invented the difference and the analytical engine. The difference engine was used in finding errors in handwritten tables. The analytical engine was designed for mathematical computations. This machine had five features found in today computer hardware: there must be input, processing, output, controlling and storage devices.
2. The vacuum tube was used as primary computer component during the first generation of computers. Punched cards and magnetic tape were used for secondary storage. The second generation computers were significantly improved with the transistor. The integrated circuit replaced the transistors in the third generation computers. The fourth generation introduced the microprocessor on a chip. The semiconductor chip is made of a crystalline substance conducting electricity. When introduced the chip greatly influenced the computer technology. The fifth generation has arrived recently. New areas are developing in this generation, including artificial intelligence, expert systems and natural languages.
3. A wide variety of computers are used today, but they can be broadly classified as special and general-purpose computers. You should know the difference. Special-purpose computers are able to accept only certain types of input and present a narrow range of inputs. The most common kind of general-purpose computer in the use today is the personal computer or microcomputer. It gets the name microcomputer from the tiny electronic device, called the microprocessor that does the actual processing.

Упражнение №6. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца текста герундий и укажите его функции.

Упражнение №7. Выпишите из 2-го абзаца текста причастия и укажите их функции.

Упражнение №8. Прочитайте 3-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос:
Does the personal computer belong to special-purpose or general-purpose computers?

К.р.2 Вариант 5

Контрольная работа 2
Вариант 5
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глагола. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите.
1. These digits are easily multiplied.
2. The first microcomputer was built in 1975.
3. The feedback principle had been used in all automatic control mechanisms for centuries.
4. This computer program can’t be relied on, it is not reliable.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функции. Предложения переведите.
1. During the last years integrated circuit technology is especially impressive, when viewed in terms of cost decrease.
2. Signals given to measuring instruments and controlling devices are introduced into the electronic machine.
3. A designer was drawing the project, using CAD system.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. His repairing the computer thoroughly is quite natural as he is a skilled specialist.
2. No advantage was gained by using this method of control.
3. The memory of the microprocessors system serves the purpose of holding information.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив, укажите его функцию. Предложения переведите.
1. The information address tells where the results to be put.
2. Information to be computed is stored usually in registers units of hardware.
3. To create the model the interactive terminal screen is usually divided into sections showing various views of the model.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
COMPUTERS AND HACKERS
1. In the twenty-first century the computer technology is greatly developing. It would be really difficult to imagine life without computers. They are a source of information, education and entertainment. But today’s world of computer can also be quite frightening and dangerous. This is because of people who use computers for illegal purposes. They are called hackers. So you should be very careful when working with computer information.
2. Hackers spend their time playing with computer data in all parts of cyberspace. Much of what they do is not dangerous, but sometimes their activities break the law, for example, when they break into websites, take control of computer or create viruses. They are especially interested in breaking through the security of military websites. Hackers know how to trick people just using their programmes. They use a ‘Trojan Horse’, a programme that looks perfectly safe, but actually contains something destructive. The only way of not getting into trouble is not to open it.
3. Although they can get serious punishment if they are caught, most hackers still think that what they do is a game. They often meet at festivals, taking part in discussions, sharing experience, meeting other hackers and generally having a good time. These meetings are organized in well-known places like Las Vegas or Berlin. Recently, hacking has started to increase. Hackers are getting into computer systems and stealing or destroying information. It is certain that there will be a lot more of this high-tech crime in the twenty-first century.

Упражнение №6. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца причастия и укажите их функции в предложении.

Упражнение №7. Выпишите из 2-го абзаца герундий и укажите его функции.

Упражнение №8. Прочитайте 3-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос:
Will the number of hackers change in the future years?

Министерство высшего и среднего специального образования РСФСР
Ленинградский ордена Трудового Красного Знамени
технологический институт целлюлозно-бумажной промышленности
Кафедра иностранных языков
НЕМЕЦКИЙ ЯЗЫК
"Моя специальность - ЦБП"
Выпуск 24
Методические указания
Обучение переводу для всех специальностей и факультетов
Ленинград
1988

Стоимость выполнения заданий по данной методичке уточняйте при заказе

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Учебно-методическое пособие
для студентов-заочников
факультета "Автоматизированные системы управления
технологическими процессами"
Санкт-Петербург
2007

Стоимость выполнения контрольных работ уточняйте при заказе.
Выполнены следующие варианты:
Вариант 1, К.р. 1, 2, 3, 4
Вариант 2, К.р. 1, 2
Вариант 3, К.р. 1
Вариант 4, К.р. 1, 2, 3, 4

Вариант 01

Контрольная работа 1
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного. Переведите предложения.
1. For explanation of each term you can see the user’s reference.
2. When you type a command your computer receives input from your keyboard and usually sends output to your screen.
3. All application programs that run in Windows use similar commands and procedures.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности переводов на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед существительным (левое определение).
1. This communication program serves for connecting to outside information over phone lines.
2. Years of research went into developing the prototype of today’s popular graphical user interfaces.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык разных степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
1. One of the examples of a simpler, less expensive secondary memory medium is the audio tape cassette.
2. The harder the instruction word, the more power is implemented.
3. In all types of computer systems, from the smallest dedicated microprocessor system to the largest full size computer, memory plays a very essential part.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. In any conventional programming language complex problems require special programming technology.
2. There is no one BASIC language, but something like 90 different versions or dialects.
3. In certain versions of BASIC the interpreter is loaded from some external source.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык слов it, one (one’s), that, these, those в разных значениях.
1. It is useful to have a sytem that has enough memory to accomodate the largest application program.
2. When an instruction is completed the PC selects another one.
3. It was the invention of the computer that revolutionized the thinking process.

Упражнение №6. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив, переведите предложения.
1. Today all the computers are broadly classified as special-purpose and general-purpose computers.
2. In the following decades various industries will develop systems of electronic data interchange.
3. The operators supervise the state of the machine tools.

Упражнение №7. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык предложений с оборотом there is (are).
1. At present there is a kind of memory called ROM (Read Only Memory) which is permanent memory chip for program storage.
2. There was no way of using computer of such small capacity.

Упражнение №8. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
THE FUTURE OF CYBERSPACE
1. In the last thirty years, the Internet has grown dramatically. In 1983, only 200 computers were connected to the Internet: now there are millions and this growth is going to continue. Some experts are pessimistic about the future. One worry is the activity of cyber-criminals. Even now, young hackers can get into the computers of banks and governments. In the future, cyber-terrorists may “attack” the world’s computers, cause chaos and make planes and trains crash.
2. However, many people are optimistic about the future of the Internet. Already users can buy books, find out about holiday offers, book tickets, go shopping and get all sorts of information from the Internet. It is clear that the Net is as interesting and exciting as the people and organizations that are connected to it. The Internet enables you to do a lot of things simultaneously. You can read the latest copy of your favorite newspaper and send e-mail to someone. The arrival of digital TV promises even more exciting things. Some specialists beleive that in the future the television will be probably replaced by the Internet. The postal service may also disappear with the increasing use of e-mail. We will probably live in virtual reality; we will work in virtual offices, shop in virtual supermarkets, and we will even study in virtual schools and universities.

Упражнение №9. Выпишите из второго абзаца текста предложения, содержащие прилагательные в одной из степеней сравнения.

Упражнение №10. Прочитайте 1-й абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
Why are some experts pessimistic about the future of the Internet?
1. We will probably live in virtual reality.
2. The television will be probably replaced by the Internet.
3. In the future cyber-terrorists may “attack” the world’s computers and cause chaos.

Контрольная работа 2
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глагола. Переведите предложения.
1. It was reported that this group of engineers had obtained all the necessary information for their work.
2. These computers are being operated by the programmes.
3. The invention of computers was spoken of at the last lecture.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения.
1. For a digital computer information has to be in the form of digits or numbers.
2. Any information may be represented by the binary system including two digits: one (1) and zero (0).
3. One should know the difference between the digital and analog computers.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Переведите предложения.
1. Engineers working on the same project communicate among themselves and share information.
2. Only when combined with a production system, robots will be used as helpers for economic and productivity increase.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Переведите предложения.
1. In a computer the memory serves the function of storing instructions, data and results of computation.
2. Logical operations include comparing, selecting, sorting, matching, etc.
3. The control is performed by decoding the contents of Instruction Register.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
THE RAPID RATE OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND THE USER
1. The first microcomputer was built in 1975. Since that time many models have been introduced with increasing speeds and capacities. Microcomputers are used at schools, in homes, and in offices. Today sophisticated software is made up of hundreds of thousands of instructions. The advance of technology continues making the buying decision more complex. It isn’t just hardware – new, improved sofware packages appear on the market almost as soon as users have mastered the prior ones.
2. What’s driving this continual march? There is no doubt that users want more powerful, easier-to-use technology. There is also no doubt that computer firms want to turn out more product to generate more profits. So what if users want to stay with what they have now? Staying with the old software is possible. You can still use the software to do what you’ve always done, but you risk being left behind by the last-moving train of technological advance. No one wants to be left behind, watching everyone else move up to the new technology standards.
3. So there are risks to standing still. But there are also risks to forever riding the wave of technological advance which can be expensive. You have to throw out perfectly good hardware and software and purchase the latest available. Your new computing equipment should help you become more productive. But what do you do when the next sofware or the next microprocessor come out? When should you upgrade again? Unfortunately, there are no easy answers, just a wide range of options.

Упражнение №6. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца текста причастия и укажите, какие функции в предложениях они выполняют.

Упражнение №7. Выпишите из 3-го абзаца текста герундий и укажите его функции в предложении.

Упражнение №8. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос:
Does the end user have any risk using old software and hardware?

Контрольная работа 3
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию. Переведите предложения.
1. To solve complex problems is the main purpose of the computers.
2. To solve complex problems we use different computers.
3. The problem to consider is very important.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода сложного подлежащего и сложного дополнения. Подчеркните указанные конструкции.
1. Our engineers want the complex problems to be solved by computers.
2. Instructions in high-level programming languages are considered to be easier for humans to use than those in machine or assembly languages.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните независимый причастный оборот. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода указанной конструкции.
1. The specialists use computers widely, the latter helping in performing computations at great speeds.
2. The previous instruction being completed, the Program Counter selects a new one.
3. A printer’s line is usually between 60 and 150 characters long, with 120 characters, being a common length.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод разных типов условных предложений.
1. If he had not investigated these phenomena, he would not have had such interesting results.
2. Could we improve the control system, the problem would be solved.
3. If we use the expert system, the results will be better.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
The Internet
1. The Internet has been growing rapidly since its creation in 1983, radio, telephone and cable television wires, satellites, being used to deliver Internet services. By the mid-1990s the Internet linked millions of computers throughout the world and it is sure to be the most important commercial and popular means of communication nowadays. The original uses of the Internet were electronic mail, file transfer, bulletin boards and remote computer access. Having expanded considerably during the 1991s, the World Wide Web enables easily to examine the Internet sites and now it is likely to have become the leading information service of the Internet.
2. Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve information in a wide variety of areas including the arts, business, government, news, politics and recreation. People communicate through electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups and other means of information exchange. They share information and make commercial and business transactions. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks are connected to the Internet and exchange information in the same basic ways.

Упражнение №6. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца текста:
а) независимый причастный оборот и переведите его;
б) сложные подлежащие, переведите их.

Упражнение №7. Прочитайте2-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос:
Why are so many activities possible through the Internet?

Контрольная работа 4
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение. Подчеркните придаточное предложение.
1. The application programs are not concerned with the location of any data they use.
2. One knows the more memory you have in your computer the faster it works.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их. Подчеркните глаголы to have и to be и определите их функции в предложении.
1. The first digital computer was built in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania.
2. This unit has to perform different arithmetic operations. 3. This invention has a great future.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на различные грамматические значения и функции глаголов should и would.
1. Could we improve the control system, the problem would be solved.
2. Provided we used this method, we should obtain better results.
3. It is necessary that the program should be written in advance.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения подчеркнутых слов.
1. Logical operations may be performed either on numbers or on expressions consisting of letters such as ordinary words.
2. Charles Babbage’s machine could not operate since there were no reliable and accurate electrical equipment at the beginning of the 18-th century.
3. Neither the configuration of the hardware nor the software was chosen correctly for solving given task.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
1. When computers were first introduced in the 1940’s and 50’s, every program written had to provide instructions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks not necessarily related to the program. The additional program instructions for working with hardware devices were very complex and time consuming. So the programmers faced problems which should be solved.
2. The programmers soon realized it would be smarter to develop one program that could control the computer’s hardware. If other programmers had needed such program, they would have used it. Because of these reasons they created the first operating system. Today operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse, provide disk management by letting you store information in files and let you run programs such as basic word processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own commands that help you to use the computer.
3. Windows 95 and Windows 98 being DOS compatible are still the most popular user-oriented operating systems with friendly interface and multitasking capabilities. The new series of operating systems by Microsoft are Windows Millennium, Windows 2000 and Windows XP. Each of these new products is addressed to the both corporate and private clients. New strategy of the Microsoft is aimed at creating a one for all product, which is to be useful for both beginners and advanced users.

Упражнение №7. Выпишите из 3-го абзаца текста глагол to be в различных функциях и укажите их.

Упражнение №8. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос:
Why was it necessary for the programmers to create an operating system?

Вариант 02

Контрольная работа 1
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;
б) признаком множественно числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения.
1. Webster’s dictionary gives us the definition of the hardware as the mechanical, magnetic, electronic and electrical devices compose a computer system.
2. The configuration of the hardware met the consumer’s demands.
3. Usually the interface between you and the computer consists of the screen and the keyboard.

Упражнение 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед существительным (левое определение).
1. The instruction manuals for most software applications contain a section which describes the function of each key or combination of keys.
2. A display adapter card is actually what builds the video images.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык разных степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
1. Much simpler computer’s user interface is one of the greatest advantages for most computer users.
2. Let the robot replace people working in harmful conditions, and the sooner the better.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. The language C has some important advantages: it is contemporary, effective, mobile, flexible and convenient.
2. In this program any statement on a line with a certain symbol can be ignored by the interpreter or compiler.
3. The mill had no automatic control of the production line.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык слов it, one (ones), that, these, those в разных значениях.
1. Electronics makes it possible to raise industrial automation to a higher level.
2. One can divide memories into two major types: static memories and dynamic memories.
3. Static memories are those that retain the information without the need to refresh that information at frequent time intervals.

Упражнение №6. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив, переведите предложения.
1. Today most robots are used in manufacturing operations.
2. The sequence of operations were performed by the computer.
3. Some experts think that virtual reality will become a part of modern life.

Упражнение №7. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык предложений и оборотом there is (are).
1. Nowadays there are different ways of storing information.
2. There are 8 bits in a byte.
3. Is there any difference between these two types of computers?

Упражнение №8. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
COMPUTER REVOLUTION
1. 50 years ago people didn’t even hear of computers, and today we cannot imagine life without them. Computer technology is the fastest growing industry in the world. The first computer was the size of a minibus and weighed a ton. Today, its job can be done by a chip the size of a pin head. And the revolution is still going on. Very soon we’ll have computers that will be worn on our wrists or even in our glasses and earrings. The next generations of computers will be able to talk and even think for themselves. They will contain electronic ‘neural network’. Of course, they’ll be still much simpler than human brains, but it will be the greatest step forward. Such computers will help to diagnose illnesses, find minerals, identify criminals and control space travel.
2. Some people say that computers are dangerous, but I don’t agree with them. They save a lot of time and give access to a lot of information. They seldom make mistakes. It’s much faster and easier to surf the Internet than to go to the library. On-line shopping makes it possible to find exactly what you want at the best price, saving both time and money. E-mail is a great invention too. It’s faster than sanding a letter and cheaper than sending a telegram. All in all, I strongly believe that computers are the useful tool. They have changed our life for the better. So why shouldn’t we make them work to our advantage?

Упражнение № 9. Выпишите из первого абзаца текста предложения, содержащие прилагательные в одной из степеней сравнения.

Упражнение № 10. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащий правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
What is the main advantage of using computers?
1. They have small size.
2. They save a lot of time and give access to a lot of information.
3. They aren’t dangerous for human beings.

Контрольная работа 2
Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения; определите залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Переведите предложения.
1. Improved software packages are appearing on the market.
2. Automation has also had an influence on the areas of economy other than manufacturing.
3. Modern personal computers are always looked at with interest.
4. By the appointed time all the changes in the control program had been finished.

Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения.
1. The same set of characters may have meaning sometimes as a number, sometimes as an instruction.
2. We have to develop automatic control for industry, business and scientific research.
3. It is necessary to buy a printer if the personal computer is to be used to print letters or other information.

Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Переведите предложения.
1. Any operation performed by a computer must be interpreted into a machine code.
2. When controlling automatic production the electronic machine sends the necessary commands to the control panel according to the programme.
3. The control program is a large program occupying thousands of bytes.

Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Переведите предложения.
1. The central processing unit contains facilities for addressing main storage, for fetching and storing information, etc.
2. Detecting and correcting any errors is called debugging.
3. After taking special training the workers become highly skilled operators of automatic system.

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
PORTABLE COMPUTERS
1. The first digital computer was built in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania. In its early days it required 18,500 vacuum tubes storing information. Obviously, a 30-ton computer had its limitations. Scientists and engineers had to work hard, making it better. Using transistors as small amplifiers in place of the large vacuum tubes they could reduce the size and cost of computers.
2. In the early 1960’s the first minicomputers were sold commercially. The revolution was going on. Less than a decade later, the microcomputer was invented. The basic unit of the microcomputer is a tiny silicon chip serving different computer functions. Having very small size each cheap is able to contain thousands of elements. One of the latest developments is bubble memory used for the purpose of storing information in tiny magnetic spots or island. They hold the information without loosing it when the power is turned off.
3. The great advances in microelectronics have helped achieve the moon landing and create highly technological devices. Still the computer revolution is moving on. Portable computers are the latest innovation. In the smallest of the portables the disk drives have been replaced by bubble memory chips. In these computers information can be stored on the road, in the classroom, at conferences, at the library, or elsewhere and later transferred to printer or convention disk drive memory. Hand-held computers are very light in weight and small in size and can be useful for some situations, but there are some drawbacks. The displays are rarely more than a single short line in length, and the keyboard is too small.

Упражнение № 6. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца текста причастия и укажите, какие функции в предложении они выполняют.

Упражнение № 7. Выпишите из 2-го абзаца текста герундий и укажите его функции.

Упражнение № 8. Прочитайте 3-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос:
What are the main advantages of hand-held computers?

Вариант 03

Контрольная работа 1
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного. Переведите предложения.
1. Bill Gates led Microsoft’s evolution from the developer of computer programming to a large computer software company.
2. The programmers’ efforts were made to improve the final product.
3. A keyboard looks very much like a typewriter.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед существительным.
1. The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms.
2. Manufacture is one of the most important application fields for automation technology.
3. Random access memory (RAM) is the volatile computer memory.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык разных степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
1. One of the most important tasks of microcomputer is to store the data for later processing.
2. The higher the complexity of the tasks performed by the computer, the harder and more costly the computer becomes.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. You can choose any combination of colours on the menu bar within Turbo BASIC’s integrated environment.
2. Turbo Pascal allows you to create some outstanding visual displays quickly and easily.
3. The computer has no possibility to substitute a human being in all respects.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык слов it, one (ones), that, these, those в разных значениях.
1. It is to an industrial technology and scientific development that electronic devices contributed greatly.
2. To improve computing machines one should improve memory devices.
3. The methods of control of the units are similar to those of a telephone network.

Упражнение №6. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения.
1. In nearly all industrial robotic applications the robot provides a substitute for human labour.
2. The information was received by the input of the computer.
3. In the future, computers will bring a lot of benefits, but they will also increase the potential for imaginable chaos.

Упражнение №7. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык предложений с оборотом there is (are).
1. There are 8 bits in a byte.
2. At the moment there is all the necessary information in the computer’s memory to perform the task.
3. There were no ways of solving this problem without computer.

Упражнение №8. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
BILL GATES – THE RICHEST MAN IN THE WORLD
1. Everyone has heard of Bill Gates, the icon of American business and the richest man in the world. Microsoft, the business he started with a friend in 1975, has become the world’s largest computer software company. Bill Gates was born on the 28-th of October, 1955, in Seattle, USA. Seattle was once famous for producing Boeing aircraft, but is now better known as the home of Microsoft. From his parents Bill got a good business, sense and a quick mind. At 13 he got interested in computers. Bill Gates and his friend Paul Allen spent all their time writing programmes and learning about computers.
2. After finishing school in 1973 Bill went to Harvard, America’s most famous university. Most of the time he worked on the computers in the university laboratory. The next year, he and Paul Allen wrote an operating programme for the Altair, one of the world’s first microcomputers. The two friends started Microsoft in 1975 and very soon it became a big success. In 1980, Gates bought an operating system called DOS. He made some changes to it and called it MS-DOS. He sold the rights to use the system to IBM. MS-DOS became the standard operating system for all PCs of that time. Microsoft has also developed such well-known programmes as Windows, Excel and Internet Explorer. Bill’s dream is to computerize everything – TVs, telephones, lights, even the way you cook dinner.

Упражнение №9. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца текста предложения, содержащие прилагательные и наречие в одной из степеней сравнения.

Упражнение №10. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:
Which operating system (programme), developed by Bill Gates, was the first to come onto the market?
1. … an operating system called MS-DOS.
2. ...an operating system called Windows.
3. ...an operating programme for the Altair, one of the world\'s first microcomputers.

Вариант 04

Контрольная работа 1
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;
б) признаком множественно числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения.
1. From the customers’ point of view the computer had the best hardware.
2. The word interface refers to the way you interact with your computer.
3. Today most robots are used in manufacturing operation.

Упражнение 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед существительным (левое определение).
1. The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data.
2. The monitor is a component with a display screen for viewing computer data, television programmes.
3. Software is the final computer system component.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык разных степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
1. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another.
2. We structure our computers from several processors, arrange them so that the greater the number of the processors, the faster the supercomputer.
3. The new computer programme was much longer than the previous one, but as reliable as possible.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. Any information may be represented in digital form.
2. Physically the set of bits is a set of arrangements of some physical equipment.
3. The programme had no mistakes and could be loaded at ones.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык слов it, one (ones), that, these, those в разных значениях.
1. It was Norbert Weiner who was recognized as the father of cybernetics.
2. One should remember about timing problem (when executing) an instruction.
3. That computer is more efficient than the old one.

Упражнение №6. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив, переведите предложения.
1. These digits are easily multiplied.
2. The first microcomputer was built in 1975.
3. Bill Gates made some changes to DOS-operating system and renamed it MS-DOS.
Упражнение №7. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык предложений c оборотом there is (are).
1. There are mathematical and logical operations performed by a computer.
2. There was no possibility to use that configuration of hardware for solving the task.
3. Are there any mistakes in the new program?

Упражнение №8. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
INTEL OPENS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER
1. Intel, the world’s leading microprocessor producer, has opened a research and development centre in St. Petersburg. The new centre will boost the city’s economy and help Russia to promote the computer technology. The St. Petersburg centre will play a key role in developing the basic building blocks of ‘Management Environment’ technology. The applications will help to run faster and more efficiently, and higher quality software will be developed much faster.
2. The market in Russia and St. Petersburg continues to grow and smart people are needed to serve this market and better help it. For these reasons Intel decided to open a lab here. All the lab employers were subcontracted from St. Petersburg Elbrus, a leader in computer technology research. In St. Petersburg 5000 students start studying computer programming every year. The city has a very big potential and is home to some of the best computer engineers in the world. This project is very good for Russia because this actually means that local talented engineers can stay on, be employed by one of the biggest, world-class companies. They can apply their knowledge, be used and also they can earn decent salaries.

Упражнение № 9. Выпишите из первого абзаца текста предложения, содержащие прилагательные в одной из степеней сравнения.

Упражнение № 10. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащий правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
Why does Intel decide to open the center in St. Petersburg?
1. The company needs to develop new product.
2. The company wants to pay high salaries to St. Petersburg computer engineers.
3. The company needs the new computer market and smart people to serve it.

Контрольная работа 2
Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения; определите залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Переведите предложения.
1. The PC hardware has been upgraded.
2. The experiments on the new microcomputer were carried out during the whole month.
3. After the computer had received the data it began to process the information. The development of MS-DOS was followed by Microsoft Windows.

Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения.
1. We have to continue developing automatic control for industry, business, education and scientific research.
2. A smart robot should be able to think, sense and move any material part or device through variable programmed motions.
3. The device may be used to process information.

Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Переведите предложения.
1. The operator pressing the keys makes the calculator operate.
2. Discussing the advantages of the new memory unit the professor gave the students all the necessary explanations.
3. The time required to transmit one computer word out of the memory to where it will be used is called the memory access time.

Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Переведите предложения.
1. After compiling the instruction the Program Counter selects a new one.
2. He is responsible for writing the computer program.
3. Selecting one type over the other is almost a choice between the cost of the machine and computational speed.

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
SOME MORE FACTS ABOUT COMPUTERS
1. The history of computing covers less than two hundred years. The early years from 1830-1950 were considered its infancy. Charles Babbage invented the difference and the analytical engine. The difference engine was used in finding errors in handwritten tables. The analytical engine was designed for mathematical computations. This machine had five features found in today’ computer hardware: there must be input, processing, output, controlling and storage devices.
2. The vacuum tube was used as primary computer component during the first generation of computers. Punched cards and magnetic tape were used for secondary storage. The second generation computers were significantly improved with the transistor. The integrated circuit replaced the transistors in the third generation computers. The fourth generation introduced the microprocessor on a chip. The semiconductor chip is made of a crystalline substance conducting electricity. When introduced the chip greatly influenced the computer technology. The fifth generation has arrived recently. New areas are developing in this generation, including artificial intelligence, expert systems and natural languages.
3. A wide variety of computers are used today, but they can be broadly classified as special and general-purpose computers. You should know the difference. Special-purpose computers are able to accept only certain types of input and present a narrow range of outputs. The most common kind of general-purpose computer in use today is the personal computer or microcomputer. It gets the name microcomputer from the tiny electronic device, called the microprocessor, that does the actual processing.

Упражнение № 6. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца текста герундий и укажите его функции.

Упражнение № 7. Выпишите из 2-го абзаца текста причастия и укажите их функции.

Упражнение № 8. Прочитайте 3-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос:

Does the personal computer belong to special-purpose or general-purpose computers?

Контрольная работа 3
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функции. Переведите предложения.
1. To make possible communication from a human being and a computer is the main purpose of the input unit.
2. Information has to be in the from of digits or characters for a digital computer.
3. The input to be described here is a new device.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните сложное подлежащее и сложное дополнение. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода указанных конструкций.
1. The magnetic recording is done on a disk which permits an information to be stored or read at one or several points on it.
2. FORTRAN is said to be a machine independent programming language.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните независимый причастный оборот. Переведите, обращая внимание на особенности перевода указанной конструкции.
1. Microprocessors being programmable logic systems, they can perform different jobs functions.
2. A personal computer is a small computer based on a microcomputer, the latter being also called a microprocessor.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на виды условных предложений.
1. Provided we used this method, we would obtain better results.
2. If they have enough time, they will repeat their experiment.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
SOME MORE FACTS ABOUT THE INTERNET
1. The Internet originally appeared as the US Department of Defence programme. Established in 1968, this programme was to provide a secure communications network for organizations, each being engaged in defence research work. Scientists were allowed to use this network and later a similar and parallel network named National Science Foundation Net (shortly NSFNet) was created. Using much of the first technology the new network was able to handle greater amount of data carrying it at a rate of 45 million bit per second.
2. Nowadays, on the one hand, the Internet development is known to be governed by the Internet Architecture Board. On the other hand, the Internet Network Information Centre is responsible for the naming of computers and networks. To expand the network’s utility a lot of programmes are being developed, the network games, monetary transactions, virtual museums also helping to test the limits of Internet technology.
3. It should be noted that companies often develop private internal networks for sharing information and collaborating within the company, these networks usually being isolated from the surrounding Internet by special computer-security system.

Упражнение №6. Выпишите из 2-го абзаца текста сложное подлежащее и переведите его.

Упражнение №7. Выпишите из 3-го абзаца текста независимый причастный оборот и переведите его.

Упражнение №8. Прочитайте 1-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: What was the Internet originally designed for?

Контрольная работа 4
Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. The device our plant produces help to automate production processes.
2. Some experts think we will live in virtual reality.

Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните глаголы to have и to be и определите их функцию в предложении.
1. This ordinary adding machine has ten keys for each column of digits.
2. This article was to show the results of research work.
3. This personal computer has been constructed at our laboratory.

Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, укажите различные грамматические функции и значения глаголов should и would.
1. If I were you, I shouldn’t use this unreliable program.
2. Should the source document change, the secondary document containing pasted data would change too.
3. We supposed they would use other kind of memory for solving the task.

Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.
1. As the power of microcomputers increases, they can be used either as a central computer providing processing for several user terminals or as a more powerful single computer for an individual user.
2. Since the transistor was invented, no single electronics has had such an impact as microcomputer.
3. We could not use this device for it was not reliable.

Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAD)
1. The introduction of microprocessors and computers has made possible the development of computer-aided design (CAD) technologies. When using these systems a designer draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the help of either a mouse, light pen, or other input device. After the drawing has been completed the computer automatically gives the instructions that are to direct a machining centre to machine the part. Since CAD can create models in three dimensions and can offer the viewer different perspectives instantly, the program is inevitable to almost anyone who deals with design.
2. In late 1981 John Walker decided the time was right to form a software-only company. He foresaw a rise in popularity of mass-market computer systems coming from large companies. Walker realized all these machines would need software to run on them. The new company was formed in 1982 as a limited partnership of 16 people. One of the software products the new company decided to market was a graphics program called Interact. It was to become the basis of AutoCAD, one of the most successful computer-aided design program.
3. Due to AutoCAD computer system costing from 10 to 15 thousand dollars was able to do much the same as systems costing $70 thousand, namely to draw two- and three-dimensional objects using the computer rather than T-squares, rules, pencils and pens. It was an immediate hit. Today, AutoCAD remains the industry standard in computer-aided design software.

Упражнение №6. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца текста глагол to be в функции модального глагола.

Упражнение №7. Выпишите из 2-го абзаца текста:
а) предложения, содержащие бессоюзное подчинение и подчеркните придаточное бессоюзное предложение.
б) предложение, содержащее глагол would и укажите его функцию.

Упражнение №8. Прочитайте 3-й абзац текста и выберите номер правильного ответа на поставленный вопрос:
Why was AutoCAD a great innovation on the computer market?
1. It enabled the user to design objects in color.
2. It enables the user to calculate the dimensions of objects.
3. It enabled the user to design objects without rules and pencils, using a very inexpensive application program.