Иностранный язык

Минобрнауки России
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования
Санкт-Петербургский государственный технологический институт
(технический университет)
Кафедра иностранных языков
Е.Я. Никитова
Environmental Engineering Protection
Методические указания
по дисциплине Иностранный язык (английский язык)
для студентов заочной формы обучения
по направлению Техносферная безопасность
Санкт-Петербург
2015

Стоимость выполнения контрольной работы по иностранному языку уточняйте при заказе
Готовы следующие варианты заданий:

Часть 1, вариант 1

1. Прочтите и переведите текст.
The word environment means simply what is around us. Some people live in a town environment; for others, their environment is the countryside. Nowadays people understand how important it is to solve the environment problems that endanger people’s lives. The most serious environmental problems are: Pollution in its many forms (water pollution, air pollution, nuclear pollution). Noise from cars, buses, planes, etc. Destruction of wildlife and countryside beauty. Shortage of natural resources (metals, different kinds of fuel). The growth of population. Water Pollution. There is no ocean or sea, which is not used as a dump. Many seas are used for dumping industrial and nuclear waste. This poisons and kills fish and sea animals. “Nuclear-poisoned” fish can be eaten by people. Many rivers and lakes are poisoned too. Fish and reptiles can’t live in them. There is not enough oxygen in the water. In such places all the birds leave their habitats and many plants die. If people drink this water they can die too. It happens so because factories produce a lot of waste and pour it into rivers. So they poison water. Air pollution. Most of the pollution in big cities comes from cars and buses. More and more often people are told not to be in direct sunlight, because ultraviolet radiation from the sun can cause skin cancer. Normally the ozone layer in the atmosphere protects us from such radiation, but if there are holes in the ozone layer ultraviolet radiation can get to the earth. Many scientists think that these holes are the result of air pollution. Nuclear power stations can go wrong and cause nuclear pollution. Both clean air and clean water are necessary for our health. If people want to survive they must solve these problems quickly. Man is beginning to understand that his environment is not just his own town or country, but the whole earth. That’s why people all over the world think and speak so much about ecology.

Лексические задания
1. Переведите и выучите следующие термины:
1 environment (n)8 habitat (n)
2 solve (v) 9 waste (n) (v)
3 pollution (n) 10 pour (v)
4 nuclear (n) (adj) 11 holes in the ozone layer
5 dump (n) 12 health (n)
6 fuel (n) 13 survive (v)
7 reptile (n) 14 poison (n) (v)

2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова без словаря:
1 Serious 7 Metals
2 Form 8 Protect
3 Problem 9 Cancer
4 Destruction 10 ultraviolet radiation
5 Natural 11 Result
6 Resources 12 Station

3. Образуйте множественное число следующих существительных, объясните правила правописания (устно):
Country, car, sea, reptile, factory, layer, river, city, water, beauty, resource.

4. Определите часть речи, от какой части речи образовано слово, выделите суффикс:
Simply, environ mental, pollution, endanger, natural, population scientist, industrial, shortage, radiation, quickly, production, normally, growth.

5. Переведите следующие словосочетания:
Town environment, people’s lives, nuclear pollution, countryside beauty, skin cancer, ozone layer, power stations.

Грамматические задания
1. Найдите одно предложение с конструкцией there + to be, измените его по временам гр. Indefinite, образуйте вопросительные предложения.

2. Найдите одно предложение со сказуемым в Passive Voice, измените его по временам гр. Indefinite, образуйте вопросительную и отрицательную формы:

3. Найдите одно предложение со сказуемым – глаголом действия, измените по временам гр. Indefinite, образуйте вопросительную и отрицательную формы.

4. Найдите два предложения с модальным глаголом, образуйте вопросительную и отрицательную формы, измените время сказуемого, где возможно.

5. Образуйте степени сравнения от следующих прилагательных и наречий:
Simply, important, serious, many, different, much, often, clean, necessary, quickly, noisy, wild, natural.

6. Выпишите из текста неправильные глаголы - (12) в 3-х формах, запомните их.

Коммуникативные задания
1. Ответьте на вопросы, используя текст:
1. What does the word environment mean?
2. Name the most serious environmental problems.
3. How are seas and rivers often used by people?
4. Why do birds leave their habitats?
5. Where from does most of pollution come in big cities?
6. What diseases can ozone holes cause?

2. Переведите следующие высказывания:
a) The future is purchased by the present. Samuel Johnson
b) The environment is everything that isn`t me. Albert Einstein
c) Air pollution is turning Mother Nature prematually grey. Irv. Kupcinet
d) Nature thrives on patience, man – on impatience. Paul Boese1.

Часть 1, вариант 2

Прочтите и переведите текст
All the nations have the same basic environmental problems. In fact the problem of environment crisis has assumed global proportions. That is why many ecological problems can generally be solved only at the world community level. As nations we all share a single ecological space. Acid rains, for example, have no boundaries. Nuclear radiation does not respect administrative or national regions. All the nations must assume a position as responsible members of the world community level, cooperating in matters of environ mental protection. It’s important that we all work together to share, to overcome ecological disasters. Both scientists and politicians agree that if some radical steps are not taken, life on our planet may be damaged if not destroyed altogether, because the number of air pollutants is constantly growing. Ecological disasters do not happen by chance. Ignorance, lack of planning, greed and criminal neglect have been responsible for creating ecological distress zones throughout the world. Radioactive materials present health and safety problems in an increasing nu mber of countries. Underground nuclear-weapon tests are a major threat to the environment. Steps must be taken to do away with nuclear tests. The acid falls to earth with rain or snow that can damage anything from the monuments to living organism. The increase in traffic is another serious air pollution in our cities, because vehicles, not factories, produce most of toxic micro-particles, which do most harm. Some toxic gases appear in the atmosphere in critical concentration and carbon dioxide is expected to increase at rates that could change the world’s climate. The commonest air pollution comes from the cigarette smoke, which pollutes public places. Water pollution is another important problem. In several years tourists will find fewer beaches where it’s safe to swim. Urgent measures must be taken if we don’t want to leave a dangerous planet to future generations.

Лексические задания
1. Переведите и выучите следующие термины:
1 at the world community level 8 destroy (v)
2 acid rains 9 be responsible for (v)
3 boundary (n) 10 safety (n)
4 member (n) 11 nuclear–weapon test
5 over come (v) 12 threaten (v)
6 disaster (n) 13 harm (n) (v)
7 damage (n) (v) 14 urgent measures

2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова без словаря:
1 global proportions 7 Traffic
2 administrative regions 8 toxic gases
3 Politicians 9 critical concentration
4 radical steps 10 carbon dioxide
5 radioactive materials 11 Planning
6 living organisms 12 Position

1. Образуйте множественное число следующих существительных, объясните правила правописания (устно):
Community, boundary, disaster, life, chance, distress, country, city, particle, gas, place, beach, measure.

2. Определите часть речи, от какой части речи образовано слово, выделите суффикс:
Environ mental, global, ecological, administrative, national, politician, ignorance, planning, safety, concentration, dangerous, generation, protection, criminal.

3. Переведите следующие словосочетания:
A single ecological space, both scientists and politicians, by chance, throughout the world, to do away with, toxic micro-particles, urgent measures, world’s climate.

Грамматические задания
1. Найдите предложения с вводными “it”, образуйте вопросительную и отрицательную формы, измените сказуемое по временам гр. Indefinite.

2. Найдите сказуемое, определите время, образуйте вопросительную и отрицательную формы:
a. Radioactive materials present health and safety problems.
b. The increase in traffic is threatening seriously air pollution in our cities.
c. In several years tourists will find fewer beaches to swim.
d. The problem of environmental crisis has assumed global proportions

3. Найдите в тексте все предложения со сказуемыми содержащими глагол “to have”, определите функцию этого глагола в каждом предложении.

4. Найдите в тексте предложения с различными модальными глаголами. Образуйте вопросительную и отрицательную форму, измените по временам, где возможно.

5. Образуйте степени сравнения от следующих прилагательных и наречий:
Many, important, radical, serious, critical, common, few, safe, urgent, dangerous, much.

6. Выпишите из текста все неправильные глаголы - (10) в 3-х формах, запомните их.

Коммуникативные задания
1. Ответьте на вопросы, используя текст:
1. Why can all ecological problems be solved only at the world community level?
2. What are the main ecological pollutants?
3. Name the reasons of ecological disasters mentioned in the text.
4. Why dosetraffic increase air pollution in big cities?
5. What are the factors of air pollution?
6. How do nuclear tests affect the atmosphere of the Earth?

2. Переведите следующие высказывания:
a) Man is a complex being: he makes deserted bloom and lakes die. Gie Stern
b) Nature never betrays the heart that loved her. William Wordsworth
c) If the human race wants to go Hell in a basket, technology can help it get there by jet. Charles M. Allen
d) Civilization is just a slow process of learning to be kind. Charles L. Luca

Часть 2, вариант 1

Foreword
Прочтите и переведите текст
The recent diffusion of the term “industrial ecology” stems from its use by physicist Robert Frosch in a paper on environmentally favorable strategies for manufacturing co-authored with Nicholas Gallopolous published in September 1989 in Scientific American. Frosch embraced the concept of “industrial metabolism” which Robert Ayres has developed to organize thinking about the massive, systematic transformations of materials in modern economies. Industrial metabolism as well as dematerialization (the diminishing amount of material required for a good or service) had been explored at an August 1988 workshop of the National Academy of Engineering chaired by Frosch (Ausubel and Sladovich, 1988). Frosch sought a term that conveyed not only the sense of transformation but also the networks of actors doing the producing and consuming –or disposal – of materials and associated energy.
The National Academy of Sciences, in association with the AT&T Corporation, convened a “Colloquium on Industrial Ecology” chaired by Kumar Parel in May of 1991 to consider the subject more fully. The Colloquium addressed optimization of the total materials cycle, from virgin to finished material, including components, products, waste products, and ultimate disposal.
During the past few years, a growing number of researchers as well as practicing engineers and managers have been attracted to “industrial ecology”. The term appears to offer a framework within which to improve knowledge and decisions about materials use, waste reduction, and pollution prevention. Some dozen workshops, many organized by NAE, have explicitly addressed aspects of industrial ecology.

Лексические задания
1. Переведите и запомните следующие термины:
a.
1 embrace(v) 7 include (v)
2 diminish(v) 8 disposal (n)
3 amount (n) 9 attract (v)
4 explore (v) 10 reduction (n)
5 consume (v) 11 ultimate (adj)
6 virgin (adj) 12 researcher (n)
b. Прочтите и переведите слова без словоря:
1 physicist 7 associate
2 strategy 8 optimization
3 publish 9 cycle
4 concept 10 component
5 transformation 11 prevention
6 dematerialization 12 aspect

1. Образуйте существительное от следующих глаголов:
to diffuse, to organize, to transform, to require, to explore, to produce, to consume, to associate, to dispose, to grow, to manage, to attract, to decide, to reduce, to prevent.

2. Образуйте прилагательные от следующих существительных:
industry, environment, favour, strategy, mass, system, practice, ecology, nation.

3. Образуйте существительные означающие деятеля(doers)от следующих слов:
Physics, ecology, to publish, to manufacture, to organize, economy, science, to produce, to research, to use, material, to transform.

4. Организуйте следующие слова согласно правилам чтения –ed [d] [id] [t]:
Co-authored, published, embraced, explored chaired, addressed, finished, attracted, organized, developed, required, convened.

Грамматические задания
1.Найдите предложение в Perfect Form, определите время и залог сказуемого.

2. Сгруппируйте все – ing формы в две группы: a) Participle I; b) Gerund.

3. Найдите предложение с Рarticiple II, определите функции, переведите.

4. Найдите предложение с Infinitive,определите функции, переведите.

5. Образуйте вопросительную и отрицательную формы:
a. The term “industrial ecology” stems from its use by physicist Robert Frosch.
b. Frosch sought a term to convey the sense of transformation.
c. Some workshops have addressed aspects of industrial ecology.

Коммуникативные задания
1. Ответьте на вопросы, используя текст:
1) When did the term «industrial ecology» first appear?
2) What does the term «industrial metabolism» mean?
3) Who was the co-author of Robert Frosch?
4) What organization convened a «Colloquium on Industrial ecology»?
5) What problem does the «Colloquium» consider?
6) What kinds of specialists are attached to industrial ecology?
7) What aspects of industrial ecology does your faculty deal with?

2. Переведите цитаты:
a) In creating, the only hard thing is to begin.
James Russell Lowell
b) Experience teaches only teachable.
Aldous Huxley
c) What you really value is what you miss, not what you value.
Jorge Luis Borges
d) As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensive, but more mysterious.
Albert Scbweitzer

Часть 2, вариант 2

How Industrial Ecology Got Its Name.
Прочтите и переведите текст
The name of phrase “industrial ecology” primarily implies that models of non-human biological systems and their interactions in nature are instructive for industrial systems that we design and operate. What makes the biological model attractive? Foremost is the cleverness with which evolution has developed things to live off the bodies and wastes of one another. Additionally, during the past few decades ecologists appear to have developed some skill at understanding systems by analyzing or depicting their flows and cycles of materials and energy.
A more problematic question is efficiency. Ecosystems are not necessarily examples of efficiency. Even the most efficient ecosystem, say, a corn field, captures only about 5 percent of solar energy as the product of photosynthate. In the summertime, most of the energy overheats the plant or evaporates water that the plant needs to keep turgid. In a mature, stagnating forest (likely to please the eyes of a naturalist), decay returns the CO2 in the photosynthate to the air, making the efficiency zero.
The proposition that industrial systems may be beneficially viewed as ecosystems merits critical probing. An early step is simply to articulate a vocabulary matching or accommodating different morphologies. Research should also explore the applicability to industry of ecology’s concepts (adaptive pathways, food webs, limiting factors, energy and material budgets) and rules.

Лексические задания
1. Переведите и запомните следующие термины:
a.
1 interaction (n) 6 applicability (n)
2 depict (v) 7 mature (adj)
3 efficiency (n) 8 solar (adj)
4 capture (n) 9 flow (v,n)
5 decay (n) 10 stagnate (v)
b.Прочтите и переведите слова без словаря:
1 Phrase 6 analyze
2 Instructive 7 problematic
3 Design 8 photosynthate
4 Evolution 9 adaptive
5 Decade 10 articulate

1. Образуйте существительные от следующих глаголов:
To interact, to operate, to attract, to develop, to depict, to evaporate, to stagnate, to articulate, to explore, to apply, to propose, to instruct, to add, to probe.

2. Образуйте прилагательные от следующих существительных:
Biology, nature, cleverness, addition, problem, efficiency, product, benefit, critic, morphology, phrase.

3. Найдите английские эквиваленты в тексте:
Жить за счет тела и отходов друг друга; нечеловеческие системы; привлекательная модель; развить какие-то навыки; эффективная экосистема; энергия перегревает планету; загнивающий лес; применимость к промышленности; подходящий путь.

4. Организуйте следующие глаголы по правилам чтения –ed [d] [id] [t]
Operated, appeared, captured, planted, evaporated, viewed, matched, designed, depicted, heated, explored.

Грамматические задания
1. Найдите предложения в Perfect Form, определите время и залог сказуемого.

2. Сгруппируйте все – ing формы в две группы: a) Participle I; b) Gerund.

3. Найдите предложения с модальными глаголами, образуйте вопросительную и отрицательную формы.

4. Найдите предложения в инфинитиве, определите функцию, переведите.

5. Образуйте вопросительную и отрицательную формы:
a. A more problematic question is efficiency.
b. Even the most efficient ecosystem captures only about 5 percent of solar energy.
c. During the past few decades ecologists developed some skill at understanding systems.

Коммуникативные задания
1. Ответьте на вопросы используя текст:
1) What does industrial ecology design and operate?
2) What skills have been developed by ecologists during the past few decades?
3) What does efficiency of ecosystems mean?
4) What was an early step in defining the term «industrial ecology»?
5) What other ecology`s concepts should research explore?
6) How do you understand flows and cycles of materials and energy as a future engineer?

2. Переведите цитаты:
a) Research is to see what everybody has seen, and to think what nobody else has thought.
Albert Szent-Gyorgyi
b) Our lifetime may be the last that will be lived out in a technological society.
Isaac Azimov
c) The human race has improved everything except the human race.
Adlai Stevenson
d) Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.
Artbur C. Clarke