В.В.Кириллова, Ю.В.Ковба, Т.В.Лиоренцевич, Т.С.Шарапа АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов-заочников факультета "Экономика и менеджмент" Санкт-Петербург 2007
Стоимость выполнения контрольной работы на заказ уточняйте при заказе. Готовы следующие варианты: Вариант 1, К.р. 3, 4 Вариант 2, К.р. 1, 2, 3, 4 Вариант 3, К.р. 1, 2, 4 Вариант 5, К.р. 2, 3, 4
Вариант 01
Контрольная работа 3 Упражнение №1.Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию в каждом предложении. 1) The aim of every economy is to maintain efficiency in the use of scarce resources. 2) To measure total output accurately is necessary for every businessman. 3) To measure total output accurately all goods and services produced in a year must be counted regularly. 4) The problem to consider is concerned with classification of resource categories. Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на субъектный и объектный инфинитивные обороты (сложное подлежащее и сложное дополнение). 1) The merchant wants the transport system to be as safe, quick and cheap as possible. 2) Containers are known to transport almost all the products and to give a door-to- door service for exporters and importers. Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них независимый причастный оборот. Предложения переведите, обращая внимание на особенности перевода указанной конструкции. 1) Production cost declining, producers will sell more products. 2) The price of any economic goods under market conditions is determined by the forces of supply, these forces acting through the sellers. Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на перевод разных типов условных предложений. 1) If this letter had a properly typed heading, they could understand it quickly. 2) Were he able to supply the goods required, we would immediately place an order. 3) If the conference is provided with all the necessary documentation, it will be opened immediately. Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. 1) When it comes to dealing with the money, the banks provide variety of services essential to trade and to the economy of a country. There are two main types of bank: central and commercial. Central banks are the institutions which control the banking of the entire country; they work together with the government to control the country’s economy. Commercial banks are the public or private banks which people use for their everyday money matters. If you have a bank account, for example, it will be at a commercial bank. 2) There are three types of bank account: current account, deposit account and investment account. Current account is used for everyday transactions such as paying bills, transferring money and drawing cheques. Deposit account may be used for short-term, small savings; the money paid in current and deposit accounts earns a small amount of interest. Money paid into investment accounts earns more interest, but the customer has to inform the bank in advance when he wants to withdraw his money. Упражнение №6. Прочитайте первый абзац. Найдите в нем сложноподчиненное предложение с условным придаточным и определите его тип. Упражнение №7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос. What are the basic types of bank account? Контрольная работа 4 Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода бессоюзных придаточных. Подчеркните придаточное предложение. 1. We value economic principles for the knowledge they contain. 2. They know the commercial banks offer a large number of services to the private customer. Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, подчеркните глаголы “to have”и “to be” и определите их функцию в предложении. 1. The profit and loss accounts show the total amount of money which the firm has earned during the year, the total amount of money which it has spent and therefore the total profit (or loss) it has made. 2. The company has to pay interests on any money which it has borrowed, for example, from bank. Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода глаголов “should”и “would”. 1. Unless you sent us price-lists and catalogues for all products manufactured by your company, our trade connections would be impossible. 2. It is important that you should use credit card. 3. We would like to ask you to grant us open account terms. 4. When you have written a letter, you should read it through carefully. Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на значение предлогов, союзов, наречий. 1. Because of the recession the group’s profits became small. 2. The annual report shows the accounts of the British company only because its German subsidiary publishes its own report in Germany. 3. The layout is very important both in a department store and in a supermarket. 4. The travel industry becomes more competitive as travel firms offer their customers more comfortable service. Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Marine insurance 1) Marine insurance is the oldest form of insurance. Back in the Middle Ages, ships were the most important form of transport and their cargo was often very valuable. Sometimes traders would even risk their whole capital with just one shipment. So somebody came up with the idea of forming a group to spread the risk – and marine insurance appeared. Very generally marine insurance works as follows: the ship and cargo owners (the insured) each pay a percentage of the value of their goods (the premium) into a fund administered by the insurance company (the insurer). If one of the insured then suffers a loss, he can claim compensation from the insurer for the loss. This means he will receive money from the fund to the value of the loss he suffered. 2) Some of the risks against which it is possible to take out insurance include: natural disasters (fire, floods, earthquakes etc.); loss of the goods through being washed over board; damage to the goods, for example, by breaking, bending; damage to the goods by vermin such as rats and mice; loss of the ship which transports the goods, for example, by sinking or collision with another ship. Упражнение №6. Выпишите из первого абзаца бессоюзное придаточное предложение. Упражнение №7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос: What kind of damages can the goods suffer?
Вариант 02
Контрольная работа 1 Упражнение 1. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием "-s" и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно: 1) показателем III лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple, 2) признаком множественного числа имени существительного, 3) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного. Предложения переведите. 1. All these sums together give the group’s capital. 2. He buys goods at wholesale prices and sells them to his customers at higher prices. Упражнение 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед определяемым существительным (левое определение). 1. The container revolution really began in USA in 1960’s. 2. Containers give a door-to-door service for exporters and importers. Упражнение 3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода различных степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий. 1. The most usual ways to type the date in British business letters is: day, month, year. 2. The commercial banks offer a large number of services to the private customer. For business customers the number of services is even larger. 3. People use computers more and more at home. It is certain that they will go to the bank mush less often. 4. The more customers the bank gets the higher profits it has. Упражнение 4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода отрицательных и неопределенных местоимений. 1. They decided to sell their product in other shops some of which have a serious reputation. 2. I regret, but we have no alternative but to cancel our order. 3. Are there any letters for me? Упражнение 5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода слов it, one(one\'s), that, these, those в разных значениях. 1. One must distinguish economic facts from noneconomic. Historically the most recent and the most important function of government 2. is that of stabilizing the economy. 3. It is self-interest which causes changes in society’s wants. 4. The goods and services which can be produced at a profit will be produced, and those which can be produced at a lost, will not. Упражнение 6. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите. 1. The manager thought that the offer was good. 2. The manager sees an advertisement in a trade journal. 3. A short covering letter was dictated. 4. The catalogue and the price list will be sent tomorrow. Упражнение 7. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода оборота there is(are). 1. There are two main types of shares: preference shares and ordinary shares. 2. Are there any problems in using computer link with a bank at home? Упражнение 8. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Advertising 1. It is quite fashionable today to be critical of advertising. In fact, business, large or small, could not exist without it. Advertising bring together people who have something they want to sell and those, often hundreds of miles away, who wish to buy. The best product will not sell if no one knows that it is for sale. In its way advertising is as important in the world of commerce as production or distribution. 2. People have been advertising their goods for hundreds (and probably thousands) of years. Almost everyone uses it at some time or other: the large national firm with a new product which employs an advertising agency, the small shop that is going to have a January sale, the private individual who wants to sell a car or a cassette player. Any advertising agency has account directors, media planners, creative department and production department. The account director is the bridge between the client and the agency. He needs to understand the client’s special problems and to give advice. He is also the one who discusses the client’s needs with the managers from creative department and then take their ideas back to the client. Упражнение 9. Выпишите из первого абзаца прилагательные, укажите три степени сравнения и переведите их. Упражнение 10. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос: What are the functions of an account director? Контрольная работа 2 Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите. 1. The customer has already required all the necessary information. 2. Freight planes are getting bigger because air journey is less expensive than by sea. 3. The profits of the company were referred to by a commercial journal. 4. We are required to examine in details this phenomenon. 5. Economic life is greatly affected by the government. Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите. 1. The retailers have to study their customers and choose the way to please them. 2. Can you guarantee delivery within three weeks of receiving orders. 3. A good letter should be as long as is necessary to say what has to be said. Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. The control established by the retailers was useful. 2. When examining these data we observe that consumption varies greatly. 3. These sellers are modifying the style of the layout in their shops. Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них Gerund и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. Government plays an active role in promoting economic stability and growth. 2. The safety and convenience of using checks made checking accounts the most important type of money in the U. S. A. Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Complaints. 1. If the seller causes a breach of contract, the buyer can make a complaint. If the seller is late in delivering the foods, the buyer can send one or more reminders and tell the seller that he will withdraw from the contract if the goods are not delivered by a certain date, the final deadline. It can be that the buyer reserved the right to cancel the order if the delivery was late. In this case, he can cancel his order without sending any reminders. If the complaint is justified, the seller has to make an adjustment, i.e. he has to offer the buyer some form of compensation. 2. It can happen that the buyer suffers a loss if the goods are delivered late – he may loose business, for example. In this case, he can claim damages from the seller. That means he can start legal proceedings for compensation. However, if the delay is caused by factors beyond the seller’s control, for example, floods, earthquakes, war, etc., the seller is not liable for any of the buyers losses. Упражнение №6. Выпишите из первого абзаца глагол в пассивной форме. Упражнение №7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос: In what case can buyer start legal proceeding for compensation? Контрольная работа 3 Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию в каждом предложении. 1. The object of your enquiry is to obtain a special price for regular orders. 2. To satisfy import regulations is the aim of every buyer. 3. To satisfy import regulations the buyer required some special documents. 4. In the command economy the plan specifies the amounts of resources to be allocated to each enterprise. Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на субъектный и объектный инфинитивные обороты (сложное подлежащее и сложное дополнение). 1. Bonds are considered to be less risky than stocks. 2. They consider this bank failure to be caused by the fact that all the possibilities of its financial improvement have not been exploited. Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них независимый причастный оборот. Предложения переведите, обращая внимание на особенности перевода указанной конструкции. 1. The prices being particularly favourable, suppliers regularly make special offers of their goods. 2. Capitalism may be characterized as an automatic self- regulating system motivated by the self-interest of individuals, this system being regulated by competition. Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на перевод разных типов предложений. 1. If you could offer this article at a competitive price, it would have a large sale in our country. 2. Were it possible to send us some samples of your product, we would analyze it more carefully and would make a decision about placing an order. 3. If the quality of the samples is poor, the buyers will not conclude the contract. Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Commercial and pro-forma invoice 1) Commercial invoice is the seller`s formal request for payment. Along with the transport document it is probably the most important paper needed in an export transaction, as it`s also essential component of certain methods of payment, for example, the letter of credit, and indispensable for customs purposes. These should be several copies. Commercial invoice is a record of the transaction between the seller and the buyer, listing details of the goods, how much they cost and how they are to be transported. It is the basis on which the customs authorities assess how much duty or tax is to be paid. It is used to confirm the value of the goods for insurance purposes. 2) Unlike the commercial invoice, the pro-forma invoice is not a request for payment. Instead, it is a “sample” invoice, which the seller may issue when the buyer has requested a quotation or when the seller sends the buyer goods on approval. If the goods are to be sold by an agent, the agent will need a pro-forma invoice in order to be able to fix his own prices. Упражнение №6. Выпишите из первого абзаца инфинитив в функции обстоятельства. Упражнение №7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос: In which cases may the seller issue the pro-forma invoice? Контрольная работа 4 Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода бессоюзных придаточных. Подчеркните придаточное предложение. 1. Manufacturers and businessmen cannot produce goods and services consumers do not desire. 2. We are sure a deposit account save your money. Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, подчеркните глаголы “to have”и “to be” и определите их функцию в предложении. 1. The turnover is the total amount of money which the firm got from sales to its customers. 2. The bank has to send instructions to the bank of the supplier. 3. All the transfers of this businessman are carried out by the bank. Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода глаголов “should” и “would”. 1. If you send details of your product, your client would be grateful. 2. It is necessary that the letter should be sent as soon as possible. 3. We would like to supply your order from the stock as we did years ago. 4. You should grant special terms for these orders. Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на значение предлогов, союзов, наречий. 1. The correspondence between two firms has been entertained for a long time. 2. We are interested in your product for we believe it could find a ready market here. 3. Since 1990 the company has begun to expand. 4. Since negotiations have been interrupted, the managers left the city. Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Distribution 1) When production of goods is completed they are brought to the consumer. This process is called distribution. Because commerce is an organized system, goods are produced in large quantities in one place by people who specialize. The consumer may be thousands of miles away, as, for example, when a person in Britain buys a Japanese television set. It is the function of transport to carry the products from the manufacturer to the consumer, and this may involve several journeys by road, rail, sea and air. You have only to look at the goods in a supermarket and at their many countries of origin to see that the world has become one large market. 2) Together with transport we must also think about communications. The telephone, the postal services and computers make commerce possible; without them traders would never be able to buy and sell goods in national and international markets. To get the goods to the consumer at the right time, in the right condition and in the right quality are the functions of warehousing and of the wholesale and retail organization of commerce. Упражнение №6. Выпишите из первого абзаца глагол “to have” в разных функциях. Определите их. Упражнение №7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос: What are the functions of warehousing and of the wholesale and retail organization of commerce?
Вариант 03
Контрольная работа 1 Упражнение 1. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием "-s" и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно: 1) показателем III лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple, 2) признаком множественного числа имени существительного, 3) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного. Предложения переведите. 1). Instead of sending documents by post, the bank sends instructions to the suppliers bank by phone, cable or by direct computer link. 2). This shop belongs to a large group, but it has the old owner’s name over the door. Упражнение 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед определяемым существительным (левое определение). 1). Roy Smith is a long-distance lorry driver for a road transport company. 2). The transport manager talks to the driver about the journey. Упражнение 3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода различных степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий. 1). The most important kinds of formal letters are enquiries, offers and orders. 2). Because the shops are small, they are easier and cheaper to operate. Упражнение 4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода отрицательных и неопределенных местоимений. 1). There are many different types of business letters, some formal and some less formal. 2). A German visitor who comes to Britain with eurocheque from his bank can use it in English shops without any problems. 3). Transferring money by means of a computer takes only a few seconds and no money at all changes hands. Упражнение 5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода слов it, one(one\'s), that, these, those в разных значениях. 1). Among the companies that published their annual reports is the N. S. company. 2). The small shops are easier to operate, than those of larger owners. 3). It takes a few days for the document to arrive. 4). The use of one’s resources for the production of drugs is prohibited by law. Упражнение 6. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите. 1). In a modern society people do not produce all necessary things for themselves. The goods and services which people need are produced by others who specialize in this work. 2). The wholesalers bought large quantity of goods from the producers and transported them in bulk to different parts of the country. 3). The cargo was transported yesterday. Упражнение 7. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода оборота there is(are). 1). There is a long list of things which men and women need in their lives: food, clothes, a place in which they can live, etc. 2). There are two types of production: primary production which get raw materials from the earth and secondary production which uses raw materials to produce goods. Упражнение 8. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. What is a retailer? 1). The word “retail” comes from an old French word retailler – to “cut again”, and this describes exactly what a retailer does. He buys large quantities of goods from wholesaler – whole cheeses, whole lambs, large bags of sugar and so on – “cuts” them into smaller quantities and resells them to the consumer at a profit. 2). A hundred years ago the traditional type of shops were small shops owned and run by one or two men and their families, full of lovely old cheeses, bacon and large bags of flour. The small corner shop still exists today, but it is no longer the most important type of shop. Shops have become bigger (and less personal). In the high street we now find self-service supermarkets and chain stores; away from the town centers, even many corner shops are “multiples” – that is, they belong to a large group of shops although they still have the old owner’s name over the door. Outside the town itself, there are hypermarkets with their large car-parks. They sell everything and their prices are often lower because they do not have to pay the high rents of the high street shops. Упражнение 9. Выпишите из второго абзаца слова с окончанием "s", укажите их функцию. Упражнение 10. Прочитайте первый абзац, ответьте на вопрос: What does a retailer do? Контрольная работа 2 Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите. 1). Recently he has seen an advertisement in the new trade journal about a new type of computer. 2). This firm was exporting office equipment in the North of England. 3). Delivery will be effected as soon as possible. 4). This manufacturer can be dealt with. 5). The terms of payment are affected by the economical position of the firm. Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите. 1). These stores are to be closed with a great loss. 2). We would be glad to have you as our customers. 3). They can use all the information. Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите. 1). Thee goods delivered yesterday are perfect. 2). Price and quantity of the goods supplied are directly related. 3). When operating at full employment the economy shows its best efficiency. Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них Gerund и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите. 1). The price system is incapable of registering all social or collective wants. 2). On reflecting we realize that we indeed buy many goods for the services which they render. Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Leasing. 1). Leasing is different to the other terms of payment. It is generally used for larger objects such as buildings, land and machinery. A lease is an agreement between the owner of the object and the person who wants to use it, which fives the leaseholder, permission to use the object for a fixed period, usually several years. In return, the leaseholder pays rent to the owner, and is responsible for the object leased (he has to arrange insurance and carry out repairs, for example). 2). Leasing is a good way to earn a regular income from one’s property over a long period. The main risk here is that the leaseholder may not be able to keep up his payments. When the lease expires, the leaseholder may be able to extend it or even to buy the object at a reduced price. In case of items such as technical equipment, he may be able to return the object and take out a lease on a newer model. Упражнение №6. Выпишите из первого абзаца Past Participle в функции определения. Упражнение №7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос: What may the leaseholder do when the lease expires? Контрольная работа 4 Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода бессоюзных придаточных. Подчеркните придаточное предложение. 1) Businesses combine resources they have obtained to produce and supply goods and services. 2) We know the bank will give you a cheque card because you have had an account with this bank for some time. Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, подчеркните глаголы “to have”и “to be” и определите их функцию в предложении. 1) These firms have received goods but have not paid yet. 2) This firm has to pay its loan immediately. 3) In the center of London there is an area of about one square mile which is called simply the “City”. Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода глаголов “should” и “would”. 1) If you passed the necessary credit, we should be obliged. 2) It is important that the money should be transferred abroad. 3) We would appreciate a prompt answer. 4) A business letter should begin with sentences that will introduce the matter without delay. Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на значение предлогов, союзов, наречий. 1) The company always buys and sells shares: either preference shares or ordinary ones. 2) The group lost $ 1.000 000 as it closed three stores in America. 3) The group keeps a part of its profits each year for it may need it in the future. This money is called its “reserves”. 4) Because the shops are small, they are easier and cheaper to operate than big supermarkets. Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Warehousing and documentation 1) Warehouses are buildings where goods are stored until they are needed. Chain stores have central depots where store goods until they are delivered to the local shops; factories have warehouses where they keep parts for products which they make; goods have to wait in warehouses at the docks until they can go onto ships. Today many warehouses are controlled by the computers and some are completely automatic, with conveyors, electric eyes and packing machines which do the work of many men. 2) Even in the modern world the transport of goods, often over long distances and from country to country, can be a big risk. Will the goods arrive in the right place at the right time? Has the buyer received the goods which he ordered? Will the buyer pay for the foods when he receives them? Will the transporter (the railway or the shipping company, for example) deliver the foods safely? A lot of documentation is necessary if the answer to these and other questions is to be ‘yes’. This documentation is now mere or less standardized, however. Упражнение №6. Выпишите из первого абзаца глагол “to be” в разных функциях. Определите их. Упражнение №7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос: Is the transport of goods still a big risk in the modern world?
Вариант 05
Контрольная работа 2 Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите. 1. The firm is beginning a correspondence with a new supplier. 2. He had closed the business letter with the necessary phrase. 3. Difficulties are often met with when you solve economic problems. 4. The price is influenced by the government in many ways. 5. The terms of payment were referred to in this business letter. Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите. 1. Government should increase its own spending on public goods and services. 2. During a depression, some firms had to close down. 3. The shopkeeper could resell his product at a profit. Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. Goods are ordered in large quantity. 2. These corporations constituting only 14% of the business population produce 2/3 of total business output. 3. Beginning in the mid 1970`s the inflation had grown. Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них Gerund и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. Knowing what to buy is only one third of the buying operation. 2. A knowledge of economics may be helpful in running business or in managing one`s personal finances. Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. The transport network. Roads and trains. 1) The roads carry the largest volume of inland transport. The main reason for this is that road transport is a door-to-door service and goods can travel direct from factory to factory or from producer to consumer, often on a company`s own lorries. The company`s transport manager knows exactly when the goods he sends will arrive and that somebody will load them safely because this happens at his own factory. 2) Even if goods travel for other parts of their journey by rail, sea or air, lorries will still be necessary to and from the railway depots, the docks and airports, and to bring the goods in the end to the shops in the centers of towns. Road transport must therefore be part of any transport system. The disadvantage of road transport is that even the largest lorry can carry only about 10 tons while a train can take cargoes of over 1,000 tons. For large cargoes, on journeys of 300 kilometers or more, trains are more economical than lorries. Упражнение №6. Выпишите из первого абзаца модальный глагол и дайте его эквивалент. Упражнение №7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос: Why are lorries necessary in the road transport? Контрольная работа 3 Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию в каждом предложении. 1. Large firms have to use special export order form when placing an order. 2. To execute the order promptly is the aim of any supplier. 3. To display their goods the sellers use their shop windows. 4. The price of the product to be offered will fall immediately under such circumstances. Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на субъектный и объектный инфинитивные обороты (сложное подлежащее и сложное дополнение). 1. The competitive price system seems to contain the incentive for technological progress. 2. The economists found the public sector to have important deficiencies in fulfilling its economic functions. Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них независимый причастный оборот. Предложения переведите, обращая внимание на особенности перевода указанной конструкции. 1. Consumers acting rationally, the first dollar of their income is spent upon basic high-urgency goods. 2. During periods of depression saving is an economic vice, the reason being that too much saving is the cause of unemployment or depression. Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на перевод разных типов условных предложений. 1. If the demand were great enough to provide a normal profit, business would produce the necessary product. 2. Were the innovations successful, great profit income could be achieved. 3. If the goods are properly packed and marked, they will be ready for shipment. Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Types of insurance policy. 1) There are several types of insurance policy. Voyage policy covers the chip and /or cargo for one voyage only. This kind of policy may specify a limit within which the ship is expected to arrive at the port of destination. It is used by people or companies who only have to ship goods occasionally. Time policy is used most often. It covers all shipments made within a certain period of time. The premium is paid in advance. The insured has the responsibility of filling out an insurance certificate for each shipment, so that he can present an accurate record at the end of the period of insurance. 2) With a floating policy, the insured and insurer agree in advance on a certain sum at which the goods are to be insured. The insured can then make as many shipments as he wants until this value has been reached when the policy expires. And finally mixed policy is a combination of the voyage and time policies. The ship and/or cargo is covered for all voyages between two named ports for a certain period of time. Упражнение №6. Выпишите из первого абзаца предложение со сложным подлежащим. Упражнение №7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос: How many shipments can the insured make with a floating policy? Контрольная работа 4 Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода бессоюзных придаточных. Подчеркните придаточные предложения. 1. The staff must be prepared to answer accurately specific questions about merchandise they are trying to sell. 2. They assured the letter would arrive in time. Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, подчеркните глаголы “to have”и “to be” и определите их функцию в предложении. 1. The client who wants to open an account has some questions about banking. 2. The bank of England is giving support to sterling. 3. In 1972 this businessman had to leave his home in the East Africa. Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода глаголов “should” и “would”. 1. If consignment were sent to you, transshipment at the port N. would be necessary. 2. It is necessary that the cheque should be received immediately. 3. Your customers would like our new material, a sample of which we send you with this letter. 4. This letter should be accompanied by an enclosure. Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на значение предлогов, союзов, наречий. 1. For the last 20 years the company has been making a name for itself. 2. The shopkeeper could not understand the buyer for he spoke some unknown language. 3. The shareholders could meet the director and ask questions because a special annual General Meeting was organized by the company. 4. Because of great dividend on ordinary shares the group`s profits were large. Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Types of loss 1) Insurers distinguish between total loss and partial loss. An actual total loss (ATL) occurs when the ship cargo have sunk and cannot be recovered. If the ship disappears after leaving the port or if it is a long overdue, this also means an actual total loss. If the ship returns after a claim for ATL is settled, it automatically becomes the property of the insurers. A constructive total loss (CTL) occurs when the ship or goods are so badly damaged that the cost of repairing them would be greater than their market value. 2) As for partial loss, it can be either particular average or general average. Particular average occurs when the object insured is lost or damaged because of an accident, such as fire or flood on board the ship. The loss is borne by the person to whom the ship belonged. General average occurs when the object insured is sacrificed in order to prevent a total loss; for example, goods may be thrown overboard in order to stop a ship sinking. The may loss is borne by all parties – both the ship owner and the cargo owner. Упражнение №6. Выпишите из первого абзаца глагол “would” и укажите его функцию. Упражнение №7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос: When does general average occur?
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