АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов-заочников теплоэнергетического факультета Санкт-Петербург 2007
Стоимость готового варианта контрольной работы ... руб. (за одну контрольную). Стоимость выполнения контрольной работы на заказ уточняйте при заказе. Готовые работы продаются только в распечатанном виде Выполнены следующие варианты контрольных работ: Вариант 1 - К.р. 1, 2, 3, 4 Вариант 2 - К.р. 1 и 2 Вариант 3 - К.р. 1, 2, 4 Вариант 4 - К.р. 1, 2, 3, 4 Вариант 5 - К.р. 1 и 2
Вариант 01
Контрольная работа 1 Упражнение 1. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием "-s" и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно 1) показателем 3 лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple, 2) показателем множ. числа существительного, 3) показателем притяжательного падежа существительного. Предложения переведите. 1. Polzunov\'s engine was working from August to November 1766. 2. Polzunov did not see the results of his work. 3. Polzunov had no qualified assistants. Упражнение 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода определений, выраженных существительными (цепочка слов) и стоящих перед определяемым существительным (левое определение). 1. Natural gas is used for steam generation in gas producing area. 2. These areas are served by natural gas transmission lines. Упражнение 3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий. 1. The thermonuclear reactors absorb more energy than they generate. 2. The more satisfactory ignition may be ensured, the better. Упражнение 4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода отрицательных и неопределенных местоимений. 1. At any temperature the heat absorbed when a liquid evaporates equals the heat evolved when a gas condenses to a liquid. 2. Some drop in insulation resistance may often be explained, for example, by damp weather. Упражнение 5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода слов it, one(one\'s), that, these, those в разных значениях. 1. It is copper which is one of the most widely used conductors. 2. The cyclone furnace is adjunct to the boiler circutation system. It is attached to the steam generating unit. 3. At the summer he solved his own problem and that of his friend. Упражнение 6. Перепишите предложения. Определите в них залог, временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив, предложения переведите. 1. Weather sputniks are equipped with sun-powered batteries and various accurate instruments. 2.The air heater usually cooled the product of combustion to an exit temperature. 3. The furnace walls will be composed of tubes which will also be connected to the boiler drum. Упражнение 7. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимания на оборот there is(are). 1. If the source of the cooling water is a lake or a river, there is no need for water conservation. 2. There are 4 rows of boiler tubes between the superheater and economizer. Упражнение 8. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. The use of solar energy. 1. One of the uses of solar energy is its transformation into electric energy. Photoelectric converters operate not only aboard space vehicles. They are used to supply hard-to-reach sites, for instance, light-houses, communication facilities, etc. Such installations can operate continuously for 20 years, and their capacity is up to 500 watts. They are reliable and do not need constantly handling by personal. 2. At present, mainly semiconductor silicon is used for the manufacture of photocells. Now the researches have designed photocells on the basis of linking two materials in a single crystall-gallium arsenide and aluminum arsenide. They are most promising for the transformation of preliminary concentrated light since they continue to operate efficiently at temperature of over 2000C. Using heat that is released in photocells one can raise the efficiency up to 30%. Their use in solar power station will greatly cut the cost of the photoelectric method of energy transfomation. Упражнение 9. Из второго абзаца выпишите прилагательное в одной из степеней сравнения. Укажите три степени сравнения данного прилагательного и переведите его. Упражнение 10. Прочитайте второй абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер, содержащий наиболее точный ответ на поставленный вопрос. How were the photocells transformed recently? 1) The new photocells can transform the preliminary concentrated light. 2) The new photocells are manufactured on the basis of linking two materials in one crystal. 3) The new photocells reduced the cost of the photoelectric method of energy transformation. Контрольная работа 2 Упражнение 1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глагола. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите. 1. The greatest difficulty to the practical use of solar power: the production of energy when the sun is not shining will be overcome. 2. The gas turbine is being used in such application as electric power generation. 3. The turbine efficiency is adversely affected by a decrease in the pressure drop through the turbine. Упражнение 2. Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите. 1. Steam turbines may be broadly grouped into three types in accordance with the conditions of operation on the steam on the rotor blades. 2. It should be noted that the superheaters and reheaters occupy a major part of the total volume of the installation. 3. The length of the turbine is to be reduced. Упражнение 3. Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. All the work done by the turbine comes from the energy in the steam flowing through the turbine. 2. The steam impinges on the wheel blades causing the wheel to rotate. Упражнение 4. Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. When condensing the steam gives up heat to the water. 2.The method for sorting and transporting flue gases becomes criticized. Упражнение 5. Перепешите и письменно переведите текст. 1. The steam generating unit consists of a furnace, a boiler, superheater, economizer and an air heater. The fuel is burned in a furnace. The boiler is composed of a drum. The water level in the drum is mentioned at about mid-point, which permits separation of the steam from water. There is a bank of inclined tubes which are connected to the drum and permit water to circulate from the drum through the tubes and back to the drum. The hot products of combustion from the furnace flow across the boiler tubes which are also connected to the boiler drum and form very effective steam generating surface. 2. The steam which is separated from the water in the boiler drum then flows through a superheater. The superheater is a coil of tubes surrounded by the hot products of combustion. The temperature of the steam is increased in the superheater and the superheated steam flows through a piping to the turbine. Упражнение 6. Выпишите из второго абзаца Past Participle (Participle II), укажите его функции и переведите. Упражнение 7. Прочитайте первый абзац и ответьте на вопрос: How is the steam separated from the water in the boiler? Контрольная работа 3 Упражнение 1. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. To recover waste energy two major types of hardware are required: combustion equipment and heat transfer equipment. 2. Parameters to be measured in a control experiment include density and temperature of the fuel. Упражнение 2. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода сложного подлежащего и сложного дополнения. Подчеркните указанные конструкции. 1. Lighting proved to be a discharge of electricity. 2. We may expect a short circuit to result from wire fault. Упражнение 3. Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните независимый причастный оборот. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода указанной конструкции. 1. Noncondensable gases being highly corrosive, their removal in the condenser is important. 2. When some impellers are mounted on the same shaft and act in series, the pump is called a multistage pump, the number of stages corresponding to the number of impellers. Упражнение 4. Перепишите и преведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные типы условных предложений. 1. Unless the devices are improved, it will be impossible to carry out the test. 2. In case you had used this valve, the direction of the flood would have been changed. Упражнение 5. Перепишите и преведите текст. 1. The gaseous products of combustion leaving the boiler tubes are at relatively high temperature. If they were discharged to the chimney, it would result in a large loss of energy. To recover a part of the energy an economizer may be used. The economizer is a bank of tubes through which the feedway is pumped to the boiler drum. 2. A reduction in gas temperature may be made by passing the products of combustion through an air heater. The air heater represents a heat exchanger which is cooled by the air required for combustion. This air is supplied to the air heater at normal room temperature and may leave the air heater at 4000 to 6000F. This energy is returned to the furnace. 3. The products of combustion are usually cooled in the air heater to an exit temperature of 2500, to 4000F. From the air heater the products of combustion pass through a dust collector which will remove all the dust, then through the fan to the chimney. Упражнение 6. Выпишите из 1 абзаца условное предложение. Укажите его тип и переведите. Упражнение 7. Прочитайте 3 абзац. Укажите этапы пути продуктов сгорания, описанные в данном абзаце текста. Контрольная работа 4 Упражнение 1. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение. Подчеркните придаточное предложение. 1. The type of turbine we have just described is very effective. 2. Experiments show all gases expand when heated. Упражнение 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните глаголы "to have" и "to be" и определите их функцию в предложении. 1. They have to use this new method in their research work. 2. These engineers are looking for new methods in cooling materials. 3. The aim of many early experiments was the production of light sources small enough to be used in the home. Упражнение 3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Укажите различные грамматические функции глаголов "should" и "would" 1. It should be noted that the hot end of the superheater is next to the furnace. 2. Provided the steam was condensed and the water was removed by pump, a partial vacuum would be formed in the exhaust chamber of the turbine. 3. If the pressure in the furnace were to high, there would be air leakage to the furnace with a corresponding reduction in the furnace temperature. Упражнение 4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов. 1. The pressure of the air decreases slightly between the compressor discharge and turbine inlet because of friction. 2. This boiler is an externally fired one because it is provided with a brick furnace which is external to the boiler itself. 3. As to electric generator, it is driven by the hot gas which expands in the turbine. Упражнение 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. 1. The boiler is an external combustion device: the combustion takes place outside the region of boiling water. All heat must be transferred through the heating surface to reach the water. The furnace of the boiler may be internally fired if the furnace region is completely surrounded by the water-cooled surface. The furnace of the boiler may be externally fired if the furnace is auxiliary to the boiler or built under the boiler. 2. During the evolution of the boiler as a heat producer, many new shapes and designs have appeared. Some of them became popular, for example, straight tube and bent tube units. The bent tube boiler offers many advantages over the straight tube boiler including the following: 1) greater economies in fabrication and operation because of the use of welding, improved steels, waterfall construction and new manufacturing techniques; 2) greater accessibility for inspection, cleaning and maintenance; 3) ability to operate at higher steaming rates and deliver dryer steam. Упражнение 6. Выпишите из 1 абзаца глагол "to be" в функции смыслового глагола и вспомогательного. Переведите его. Упражнение 7. Перечитайте 2-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос. What are the advantages of the bent rube boiler over the straight tube boiler?
Вариант 02
Контрольная работа 1 Упражнение 1. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием "-s" и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно 1) показателем 3 лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple, 2) показателем множ. числа существительного, 3) показателем притяжательного падежа существительного. Предложения переведите. 1. A prominent place among early inventors of steam engine belong to James Watt. 2. Rocket operates at altitudes where the Earth’s atmosphere is highly rarefied. Упражнение 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода определений, выраженных существительными (цепочка слов) и стоящих перед определяемым существительным (левое определение). 1. The furnace height is the function of the regrouped furnace volume. 2. Superheaters requirements may govern exit temperature. Упражнение 3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий. 1. The coals of this type are most satisfactory burned on chain-grate stocker. 2. The more space is provided by the furnace, the less unburned fuel will escape from it. Упражнение 4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода отрицательных и неопределенных местоимений. 1. No change in a system of bodies can increase the available energy of the system. 2. In the steam boiler feedwater can be converted into saturated steam at some desired pressure. Упражнение 5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода слов it, one(one\'s), that, these, those в разных значениях. 1. It is only recently that ways have been found for synthesizing chlorophyll. 2. To measure the temperature one uses a thermometer. 3. This problem was a very difficult one. Упражнение 6. Перепишите предложения. Определите в них залог, временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив, предложения переведите. 1. Our research workers carefully control all the reactions. 2. The boiler is composed of a drum in which a water level is maintained and permits separation of steam from the water. 3. The air was supplied to the air heater at normal room temperature. Упражнение 7. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимания на оборот there is(are). 1. There are 4 groups of coal which differ by their characteristic propertiers. 2. There is no boiler for pressures above the critical. Упражнение 8. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. The use of solar energy. 1. The problem of wider uses of renewable energy sources – solar, tidal and geothermal ones is of great local importance. So far the practical use of solar energy is not very significant but the use of this energy can be profitable in many areas even now. Specialists designed water-heating installations for both seasonable and year-round operation. They have already built solar-powered homes and public buildings with hot water supply, heating and air-conditioning. Within the next few years experimental constructions will go on. After tests the best solutions will be used in standard designs. 2. The application of solar installations in agriculture has considerable effect. The experience in experimental solar-heating greenhouses has shown that, as compared with ordinary greenhouses that receive heat from boiler rooms, the expenses on vegetable-growing are reduced by 60% due to fuel savings alone. Solar-powered installations for drying farm products were also tested successfully. Упражнение 9. Из первого абзаца выпишите прилагательное в одной из степеней сравнения. Укажите три степени сравнения данного прилагательного и переведите его. Упражнение 10. Прочитайте второй абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер, содержащий наиболее точный ответ на поставленный вопрос. Why are solar-heating greenhouses more profitable? 1) They are more profitable because of their compact size. 2) They are more profitable because of their compact size and because the heat they use is cheap. Контрольная работа 2 Упражнение 1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глагола. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите. 1. This discovery will be a world break-through. 2. The furnaces are being partly water cooled. 3. Proper treatment of the coal at the correct time is effected on its passage through the furnace. Упражнение 2. Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите. 1. All the heat must be transferred through the heating surface to reach water. 2. It should be noted that the hot end of the superheater is next to the furnace. 3. The steam had to pass on its way through the turbine. Упражнение 3. Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. Thermal analysis concerning combustion involves the heat and the temperature. 2. Each disk carrying the moving blades is perforated thus maintaining the same pressure on both sides of the wheel. Упражнение 4. Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. The cooling water after passing through the condenser is pumped to a cooling tower. 2. The equipment for producing the fluid is divided into two major classes: pumps for handling liquids and fans, blowers and compressors for handling gases and vapors. Упражнение 5. Перепешите и письменно переведите текст. The steam power plant. 1. The function of a steam power plant is to convert the energy in nuclear reactions or in coal, oil or gas into mechanical or electric enegry through the expansion of steam from a high pressure to a low pressure in a suitable prime mover such as a turbine or engine. A noncondensing plant discharges the steam from prime mover at an exhaust pressure equal or greater that atmospheric pressure. A condensing plant exhausts the steam from the prime mover into a condenser at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure. The general central station plants are frequently noncondensing plants because large quantities of low-pressure steam are required for manufacturing operations. 2. The steam-generating unit consists of a furnace in with the fuel is burned, a boiler, superheater and economizer, in which high pressure steam is generated, and an air heater in which the loss of energy due to combustion of the fuel is reduced to a minimum. Упражнение 6. Выпишите из первого абзаца причастия в функции определения и переведите. Упражнение 7. Прочитайте второй абзац и ответьте на вопрос: What is me function of a furnace and an economizer?
Вариант 03
Контрольная работа 1 Упражнение 1. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием "-s" и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно 1) показателем 3 лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple, 2) показателем множ. числа существительного, 3) показателем притяжательного падежа существительного. Предложения переведите. 1. When the electrons move to one direction an electric current results. 2. James Watt’s invention of the governor helped to regulate the speed of the machine. Упражнение 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода определений, выраженных существительными (цепочка слов) и стоящих перед определяемым существительным (левое определение). 1. Pulverized coal furnaces are usually convertible to firing with oil or gas. 2. The flame shape determines the furnace width and depth dimensions. Упражнение 3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий. 1. Most fuel is burned near the exit from the furnace. 2. The better the equipment suits to the type of the fuel, the more its efficiency will be. Упражнение 4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода отрицательных и неопределенных местоимений. 1. In some plants pressures up to 5000psi are used. 2. Atoms contain electrons which are negatively charged, protons which are positively charged and neutrons which have no charge. Упражнение 5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода слов it, one(one\'s), that, these, those в разных значениях. 1. We used materials that contained lead. 2. One can say that heat is a form of energy. 3. It is now generally recognized: one of the most important problems of modern natural science is that of photosynthesis. Упражнение 6. Перепишите предложения. Определите в них залог, временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив, предложения переведите. 1. This quality of energy is usually transformed into mechanical work. 2. The electrons will pass from one atom to another and electric current will flow. 3. These power stations were supplied with atomic fuel. Упражнение 7. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимания на оборот there is(are). 1. There were a lot of efforts and thoughts given for generating electricity. 2. For each particular fossil fuel there is a minimum temperature known as the ignition temperature. Упражнение 8. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Renewable energy sources 1. In the future the energy of the sun, wind, sea and the heat of underground waters will be used in a large scale. These are the so-called “free” energy sources. They will be utilized only when they are more profitable than the traditional ones because their exploitation is usually much more expensive than energy supply from large electric power stations which run on coal or nuclear fuel. 2. The utilization of the biomass – agricultural wastes and city runoff – can be found very effective: they can be employed in obtaining gas. 3. In addition it may happen that new energy sources will be discovered. What if, for example, the vacuum is a boundless ocean of matter in some specific state? Perhaps in the future man will discover some ways of getting energy from this matter? Or, for example, the undiscovered cosmic forces. Or the annihilation energy which arises from the fusion of matter and anti-matter. 4. Now this is fantasy which may become a reality. Unknown and undiscovered phenomena can be found more effective, than familiar ones. Упражнение 9. Из первого абзаца выпишите прилагательное в одной из степеней сравнения. Укажите три степени сравнения данного прилагательного и переведите его. Упражнение 10. Прочитайте третий абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер, содержащий наиболее точный ответ на поставленный вопрос. What new energy sources are indicated in the article? 1. The use of underground water. 2. The use of energy of vacuum matter, the annihilation energy which arises from the fusion of matter and anti-matter. 3. The use of energy of the sun and wind. Контрольная работа 2 Упражнение 1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глагола. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите. 1. Scientists have produced a stable chemical compound to store the energy. 2. Some boilers are bottom supported. 3. A large energy drop can be dealt with in the first pressure stage of the impulse turbine. Упражнение 2. Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите. 1. The feedwater can be converted into saturated steam of high quality at some desired pressure. 2. To maintain a high heat transfer for the heater the water velocity should be high. 3. The feedwater is able to be converted into saturated steam. Упражнение 3. Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. The classification of the injectors is based on the force of energy used to break up the liquid. 2. The double suction permits forces acting on the impeller to be balanced, thus reducing the axial thrust on the shaft. Упражнение 4. Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. If steam is required for processing, a turbine may be modified by extracting the steam. 2. There are two general methods of firing fuel commonly used: a) on stationary grates; b) on stockers. Упражнение 5. Перепешите и письменно переведите текст. 1. In 1882 Thomas Edison (1847-1931) started to Pearl Street Station in New York for the purpose of supplying electricity to the users of the new incandescent lamp. Thus was laid the foundation for great central station industry which now supplies the general public with electric light and power. 2. Parsons (1854-1931) patented a reaction turbine in 1884, and in 1889 de Laval (1845-1913) was granted patents on an impulse turbine. By 1910 the steam turbine had replaced the reciprocating steam engine in the central station industry. 3. During the last decade, the gas turbine in the form of turbojet engines has replaced the reciprocating internal combustion engine in the military combat airplane and the faster and larger commercial aircrafts. The gas turbine is also being used in such applications as electric power generation, natural gas transmission line pumping and locomotives. 4. The development of the rockets revolutionized warfare with guided missiles and earth satellites. Since the rocket carries its own supply of oxygen for the burning of its fuel, it is capable of operating at altitudes where the earth’s atmosphere is highly rarefied. Упражнение 6. Выпишите из первого абзаца герундий. Определите его функцию в предложении и переведите. Упражнение 7. Прочитайте третий абзац и ответьте на вопрос: What are the general uses of a gas turbine? Контрольная работа 4 Упражнение 1. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение. Подчеркните придаточное предложение. 1. The condensing turbine is used chiefly for the low cost of electric power it produces. 2. In spite of many difficulties they consider the new turbines will arrive in time. Упражнение 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните глаголы "to have" и "to be" и определите их функцию в предложении. 1. Near the exit from the furnace most of the fuel has been burned. 2. The cyclone furnace is a water cooled horizontal cylinder into which coal is introduced. 3. If combustion is to be complete in a furnace of economical size, turbulence is essential. Упражнение 3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Укажите различные грамматические функции глаголов "should" и "would" 1. Mechanical draft at modern boilers should supplement the natural draft produced by the stack. 2. Were the system properly controlled, the necessary pressure would be maintained in the furnace. 3. Unless the pressure were not high, cooling water circulating between impellers would be sufficient. Упражнение 4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов. 1. We could not use the new equipment for it was not reliable. 2. For some decades the machine was in use. 3. They used a special arrangement of the burners due to the furnace width and depth dimensions. Упражнение 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. 1) All power and refrigeration plants contain equipment which has as its major function the transfer of heat from one fluid to another. This equipment includes boilers, superheaters, economizers, heaters, coolers, condensers and evaporators. All this equipment forms a heat exchanger. The same laws of heat transfers, fluid flow, and economics apply to all heat exchangers. Heat exchangers differ in design characteristics only because of the different functions which they perform and conditions under which they operate. 2) Every stationary power plant has two heat exchangers. They are the steam condenser and feed-water heater. These equipments differ in their relative position and their functions in the cycle. The purpose of the feed-water heater is to increase the overall efficiency of the cycle. This is accomplished by heating the boiler water before it enters the boiler. When the feed-water enters the boiler at high temperature, the boiler is relieved of the part of its load, and temperature stresses within the boiler are reduced. Feed-water heaters are designed as direct contact heaters or surface heaters. Упражнение 6. Выпишите из 1 абзаца глагол "to have" и определите его грамматическую функцию. Упражнение 7. Перечитайте 2-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос. What is the function of feed-water heater in every stationary power plant?
Вариант 04
Контрольная работа 1 Упражнение 1. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием "-s" и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно 1) показателем 3 лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple, 2) показателем множ. числа существительного, 3) показателем притяжательного падежа существительного. Предложения переведите. 1. The world’s consumption of fuel energy is increasing. 2. Our life revolves around electricity and its many uses. Упражнение 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода определений, выраженных существительными (цепочка слов) и стоящих перед определяемым существительным (левое определение). 1. The world’s consumption of fuel energy is increasing. 2. Our life revolves around electricity and its many uses. Упражнение 3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий. 1. The world’s consumption of fuel energy is increasing. 2. Our life revolves around electricity and its many uses. Упражнение 4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода отрицательных и неопределенных местоимений. 1. Nowadays no large generating plants of industrial importance are constructed with piston type steam engine. 2. Some of the hot air from the air heater dries the coal. Упражнение 5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода слов it, one(one\'s), that, these, those в разных значениях. 1. Nowadays no large generating plants of industrial importance are constructed with piston type steam engine. 2. Some of the hot air from the air heater dries the coal. Упражнение 6. Перепишите предложения. Определите в них залог, временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив, предложения переведите. 1. The question will be discussed at the next meeting. 2. The steam generating unit consists of a furnace, a boiler, a superheater, economizer and air heater. 3. The dust collector will remove dust. Упражнение 7. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимания на оборот there is(are). 1. There are two types of economizers for power station service: steaming and non steaming. 1. Существует два типа экономайзеров для обслуживания электростанций: кипящий и некипящий. 2. Are there any electric plants where diesel internal combustion engines are installed? Упражнение 8. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Nuclear power stations 1. The first industrial nuclear power station in the world was constructed in Obninsk not far from Moscow in 1954. The station was put into operation two years earlier than the British one and three and a half years earlier than the American nuclear power-stations. 2. A number of nuclear power-stations have been put into operation since 1954. The Beloyarskaya nuclear power station named after academician Kurchatov may serve an example of the peaceful use of atomic energy. The scientists and engineers achieved a nuclear superheating of steam directly in the reactor itself before steam is carried into the turbine. It is certainly an important contribution to nuclear engineering achieved for the first time in the world. 3. We might mention here another important achievement, that is the first nuclear installation where thermal energy generated in the reactor is transformed directly into electrical enegry. Speaking of the peaceful use of atomic energy it is also necessary to mention our nuclear ice-breakers. “Lenin” is the world’s first ice-breaker with nuclear installation. Its machine installation is of a steam turbine type and steam is produced by three reactors and six steam generators. Упражнение 9. Из первого абзаца выпишите прилагательное в одной из степеней сравнения. Укажите три степени сравнения данного прилагательного и переведите его. Упражнение 10. Прочитайте второй абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер, содержащий наиболее точный ответ на поставленный вопрос. What does the scientific contribution of the Beloyarskaya nuclear power station consist of? 1. It was the first industrial nuclear power station in the world. 2. The thermal energy generated in the reactor was transformed directly into electric energy. 3. The nuclear superheating of steam was achieved directly in the reactor itself before steam is carried into the turbine. Контрольная работа 2 Упражнение 1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глагола. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите. 1. Japan has managed to store the Sun energy 61 days in a crystall. 2. The feedwater heater has affected the efficiency of the overall cycle. 3. The choice of material for condencer tubes is influenced by cooling water corrosive in nature. Упражнение 2. Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите. 1. Japan has managed to store the Sun energy 61 days in a crystall. 2. The feedwater heater has affected the efficiency of the overall cycle. 3. The choice of material for condencer tubes is influenced by cooling water corrosive in nature. Упражнение 3. Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. These plants produce a great quantity of liquid and gaseous wastes containing chlorinated hydrocarbons. 2. As the oxidation rate increases, the temparature gradually rises, increasing the rate of oxidation and hence the rate of temperature rise. Упражнение 4. Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. When steam is needed within the power plant itself for heating boiler feed water, nonautomatic extraction is generally used. 2. It is important for industries to investigate the possibility of recovering the millions of calories of heat that are lost everyday. Упражнение 5. Перепешите и письменно переведите текст. 1. James Watt (1736-1819), an instrument maker at the university of Glasgow, while repairing a model of Newcomen engine, noticed a large waste of energy due to alternately heating the steam cylinder with steam and cooling it with injection water. 2. He realized that this loss could be reduced by keeping the cylinder as hot as possible with insulation. He understood that it was possible to use a separate condenser or water-cooled chamber which could be connected to the steam cylinder at the necessary time by a valve. 3. Later he closed the top of the steam cylinder with a cover or cylinder head, introduced steam alternately on both sides of the piston and thus made the engine double acting. He invented a governor to regulate the speed of the engine, a slide valve to control the admission, expansion and exhaust of the steam, a pump to remove the air and condensate from the condenser, and, in fact, brought the steam engine to a fairly high state of development. Упражнение 6. Выпишите из первого абзаца причастие в функции обстоятельства и переведите. Упражнение 7. Прочитайте первый абзац и ответьте на вопрос: What invention was patented in 1769 by James Watt? Контрольная работа 3 Упражнение 1. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. The tubes to be made of metal will be used in different kinds of boilers. 2. An economizer and an air heater are provided to cool the products of combustion to the low temperature necessary fot high efficiency. Упражнение 2. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода сложного подлежащего и сложного дополнения. Подчеркните указанные конструкции. 1. The Fahrenheit scale is known to be used in English speaking countries. 2. We know the alternative current to flow first in one direction and then in another. Упражнение 3. Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните независимый причастный оборот. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода указанной конструкции. 1. The steam being condensed, heat is transferred from the vented steam to the water. 2. Steam turbines are grouped into 3 types, classification being made in accordance with the conditions of the operation of the steam on the rotor blades. Упражнение 4. Перепишите и преведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные типы условных предложений. 1. If I were you, I should not hesitate and choose this type of the fuel. 2. Had you seen the power plant, you would have decide to work there. Упражнение 5. Перепишите и преведите текст. 1. In the nuclear power plant energy is released in a reactor by nuclear fission. A coolant is pumped through the reactor to absorb and remove the enrgy and to prevent excessive temperature in the reactor. In the more common types of nuclear power plants the high temperature coolant that leaves the reactor flows through a heat exchnager. The steam is generated in this heat exchanger. 2. Radiation and containtment shields which enclose all radioactive components of the system are installed to protect the radioactive components operating personnel and general public from hazard of radioactivity. 3. The heat exchanger serves as a steam boiler. The steam flows through a turbine and associated equipment that are identical in design and arrangement with similar equipment in a conventional steam power plant. In other words, the nuclear reactor, heat exchanger and pump replace the fuel burning equipment and the steam generator of the conventional steam power plant. Упражнение 6. Выпишите из 1 абзаца инфинитивы и функции обстоятельства. Переведите их. Упражнение 7. Прочитайте 3 абзац и ответьте на вопрос: What similar equipment is there in the nuclear power and thermal power plant? Контрольная работа 4 Упражнение 1. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение. Подчеркните придаточное предложение. 1. One of the most important problems the engineer has to solve is the efficient and controlled transfer of fluids from one point to another. 2. This means magnetic effects could be produced by electricity alone without any magnet. Упражнение 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните глаголы "to have" и "to be" и определите их функцию в предложении. 1. The coal is to be tried in the pulverizer by hot air to reduce power consumptions and increase the capacity of the mill. 2. The objective of industrial furnace is to create and maintain a region at a high temperature. 3. A power plant cycle has to convert a portion of the stored energy of fuel into work. Упражнение 3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Укажите различные грамматические функции глаголов "should" и "would" 1. Generally the pressure in the furnace should be slighly less than atmospheric pressure. 2. Should it be necessary to have a high pressure section, they would use a two shafts radial flow turbine. 3. If the pressure into the furnace were too high, there would be leakage of asphyxiating gases into the boiler room. Упражнение 4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов. Since the stocker limits the possibilities of the heat, both economizers and heater are usually installed in the stocker. 2. As the coal moves from front to rear, combustion air is introduced tangentially at high velocity. 3. Neither engineer nor his associate could explain the fact. Упражнение 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. 1) Fire-tube boilers are boilers with straight tubes that are surrounded by water and through which the products of combustion pass. The tubes are usually installed within the lower portion of a single drum or shell below the waterline. 2) Water-tube boilers are boilers in which the tubes themselves contain steam or water and the heat is applied to the outside surface. The tubes are connected to two or more drum sets which are usually set horizontally. 3) Tubular heating surface may be classified: 1. by form – either straight, bent, or sinuous or 2. by inclination – horizontal, inclined or vertical. 4) The boiler may by either a fired or an unfired pressing vessel. In fired boilers the heat applied is a product of fuel combustion. An unfired boiler has a heat source other than combustion. The majority of boilers operate with natural circulation. Some utilize positive circulation in which the operative fluid may be forced “once through” or controlled with partial recirculation. Упражнение 6. Выпишите из 1 абзаца глагол "to be" и определите его грамматическую функцию. Упражнение 7. Перечитайте 1-й и 2-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос. What is the difference between fire-tube boilers and water-tube boilers?
Вариант 05
Контрольная работа 1 Упражнение 1. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием "-s" и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно 1) показателем 3 лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple, 2) показателем множ. числа существительного, 3) показателем притяжательного падежа существительного. Предложения переведите. 1. Thomas Edisson’s invention of the new incandescent lamp founds great industry which now supplies electricity to the users. 2. Newcomen steam engine was invented in 1705 to pump water from the English coal mines. Упражнение 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода определений, выраженных существительными (цепочка слов) и стоящих перед определяемым существительным (левое определение). 1. When the gases leaves the completely water cooled furnace they pass across the superheater furnace. 2. A heat exchanger consists of a metal wall through which heat flows from one fluid to another. Упражнение 3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий. 1. The pressure in the furnace was slightly less than atmospheric pressure. 2. The greater is the mixing of oxygen with combustible gases, the more is the increase of combustion rate. Упражнение 4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода отрицательных и неопределенных местоимений. 1. No energy can be created or destroyed in any physical transformation. 2. Some sources of energy are in use today. Упражнение 5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода слов it, one(one\'s), that, these, those в разных значениях. 1. This compound is similar to that one. 2. One must develop this method. 3. It is necessary to decompose these substances. Упражнение 6. Перепишите предложения. Определите в них залог, временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив, предложения переведите. 1. James Watt designed this machine. 2. In 1971 the station’s third power unit was put into operation. 3. Hydrogen and oxygen will be mixed in this way. Упражнение 7. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимания на оборот there is(are). 1. In this superheater there will be a decrease in steam pressure due to friction in the superheater tubing. 2. Is there any danger of corrosion in the tubes due to low flue gas temparature? Упражнение 8. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Atomic energy 1. A man that tries to see a single atom is like a man trying to see a single drop of water in the sea. He will see the sea made of great many drops of water but he will not be able to see a single drop. Man has, however, learned the secret of the atom. He has learned to split atoms in order to get great quantity of energy. At present, coal is one of the most important fuels and our basic source of energy. It is quite possible that some day coal and other fuel may be replaced by atomic energy. 2. The nuclear reactor is one of the most reliable “furnaces” that produce atomic energy. When reactor produces energy it produces energy in the form of heat. In other words, when atoms split in the reactor heat is developed. Gas, water, melted metals and some other liquids circulate through the reactor to carry that heat away. The heat may be carried to pipes of the steam generator that contains water. The steam drives a turbine; the turbine in its turn drives an electric generator. So we see that a nuclear power-station is like any other power-station but the familiar coal-burning furnace is replaced by a nuclear one. Упражнение 9. Из первого абзаца выпишите прилагательное в одной из степеней сравнения. Укажите три степени сравнения данного прилагательного и переведите его. Упражнение 10. Прочитайте второй абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер, содержащий наиболее точный ответ на поставленный вопрос. What form does a nuclear reactor producу the energy in? 1. In the form of electric energy. 2. In the form of heat energy. 3. In the form of mechanical energy. Контрольная работа 2 Упражнение 1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глагола. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите. 1. The substance has changed its moleclar structure when exposed to sunshine. 2. This problem is being studied by a group of specialists. 3. The number of pressure stages in the impulse turbine is affected by the available heat drop. Упражнение 2. Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите. 1. The expansion of the steam must take place in the fixed nozzle passages. 2. The products of combustion have to be cooled sufficiently before they enter the superheater tubes. 3. The temperature of the cooling water has to vary only with atmospheric conditions. Упражнение 3. Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. The high gas temperatures caused increased slagging of the boiler surface. 2. Valves are opened periodically and some of the boiler water is blown to sewer, thus carrying out of the system impurities. Упражнение 4. Перепешите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. The tubular all heater is constructed by expanding vertical tubes into parallel tube sheet. 2. The American Society for testing materials had adopted a test procedure for determining the ignition temperature of liquid combustibles. Упражнение 5. Перепешите и письменно переведите текст. 1. Thomas Newcomen (1663-1729) invented his steam engine in 1705 to pump water from English coal mines. This machine was developed by 1720 and remained in use for 50 years. 2. In 1763 a self-taught man, the son of a Russian soldier Ivan Polzunov (1728-1766) worked out the project of the first universal steam engine. The construction of the engine involved great difficulties due to lack of necessary instruments, qualified assistants and in general lack of help and support. Polzunov had to do everything with his own hands. Polzunov’s engine had been working from August to November 10, 1766, when it was stopped and put out of operation bacause of a leak in the boilers. But Polzunov did not live to see the results of his work. He died in poverty on May 27, 1766. 3. Later, in the course of the industrial revolution in England, a number of inventors designed steam engines because the demand for these machines was urgent. A prominent place among these early inventors belongs to James Watt, an instrument maker at the University og Glasgow who perfected Newcomen’s engine. Упражнение 6. Выпишите из второго абзаца эквивалент модального глагола, выражающего должноствование. Переведите его. Упражнение 7. Прочитайте третий абзац и ответьте на вопрос: Why did many inventors try to design a steam engine in the course of the industrial revolution?
WhatsApp:
Telegram: +79119522521