АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов-заочников факультета "Автоматизированные системы управления технологическими процессами" Санкт-Петербург 2007
Стоимость выполнения контрольных работ уточняйте при заказе. Выполнены следующие варианты: Вариант 1, К.р. 1, 2, 3, 4 Вариант 2, К.р. 1, 2 Вариант 3, К.р. 1 Вариант 4, К.р. 1, 2, 3, 4
Вариант 01
Контрольная работа 1 Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно: а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple; б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного; в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного. Переведите предложения. 1. For explanation of each term you can see the user’s reference. 2. When you type a command your computer receives input from your keyboard and usually sends output to your screen. 3. All application programs that run in Windows use similar commands and procedures. Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности переводов на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед существительным (левое определение). 1. This communication program serves for connecting to outside information over phone lines. 2. Years of research went into developing the prototype of today’s popular graphical user interfaces. Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык разных степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий. 1. One of the examples of a simpler, less expensive secondary memory medium is the audio tape cassette. 2. The harder the instruction word, the more power is implemented. 3. In all types of computer systems, from the smallest dedicated microprocessor system to the largest full size computer, memory plays a very essential part. Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений. 1. In any conventional programming language complex problems require special programming technology. 2. There is no one BASIC language, but something like 90 different versions or dialects. 3. In certain versions of BASIC the interpreter is loaded from some external source. Упражнение №5. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык слов it, one (one’s), that, these, those в разных значениях. 1. It is useful to have a sytem that has enough memory to accomodate the largest application program. 2. When an instruction is completed the PC selects another one. 3. It was the invention of the computer that revolutionized the thinking process. Упражнение №6. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив, переведите предложения. 1. Today all the computers are broadly classified as special-purpose and general-purpose computers. 2. In the following decades various industries will develop systems of electronic data interchange. 3. The operators supervise the state of the machine tools. Упражнение №7. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык предложений с оборотом there is (are). 1. At present there is a kind of memory called ROM (Read Only Memory) which is permanent memory chip for program storage. 2. There was no way of using computer of such small capacity. Упражнение №8. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. THE FUTURE OF CYBERSPACE 1. In the last thirty years, the Internet has grown dramatically. In 1983, only 200 computers were connected to the Internet: now there are millions and this growth is going to continue. Some experts are pessimistic about the future. One worry is the activity of cyber-criminals. Even now, young hackers can get into the computers of banks and governments. In the future, cyber-terrorists may “attack” the world’s computers, cause chaos and make planes and trains crash. 2. However, many people are optimistic about the future of the Internet. Already users can buy books, find out about holiday offers, book tickets, go shopping and get all sorts of information from the Internet. It is clear that the Net is as interesting and exciting as the people and organizations that are connected to it. The Internet enables you to do a lot of things simultaneously. You can read the latest copy of your favorite newspaper and send e-mail to someone. The arrival of digital TV promises even more exciting things. Some specialists beleive that in the future the television will be probably replaced by the Internet. The postal service may also disappear with the increasing use of e-mail. We will probably live in virtual reality; we will work in virtual offices, shop in virtual supermarkets, and we will even study in virtual schools and universities. Упражнение №9. Выпишите из второго абзаца текста предложения, содержащие прилагательные в одной из степеней сравнения. Упражнение №10. Прочитайте 1-й абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос. Why are some experts pessimistic about the future of the Internet? 1. We will probably live in virtual reality. 2. The television will be probably replaced by the Internet. 3. In the future cyber-terrorists may “attack” the world’s computers and cause chaos. Контрольная работа 2 Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глагола. Переведите предложения. 1. It was reported that this group of engineers had obtained all the necessary information for their work. 2. These computers are being operated by the programmes. 3. The invention of computers was spoken of at the last lecture. Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения. 1. For a digital computer information has to be in the form of digits or numbers. 2. Any information may be represented by the binary system including two digits: one (1) and zero (0). 3. One should know the difference between the digital and analog computers. Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Переведите предложения. 1. Engineers working on the same project communicate among themselves and share information. 2. Only when combined with a production system, robots will be used as helpers for economic and productivity increase. Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Переведите предложения. 1. In a computer the memory serves the function of storing instructions, data and results of computation. 2. Logical operations include comparing, selecting, sorting, matching, etc. 3. The control is performed by decoding the contents of Instruction Register. Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. THE RAPID RATE OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND THE USER 1. The first microcomputer was built in 1975. Since that time many models have been introduced with increasing speeds and capacities. Microcomputers are used at schools, in homes, and in offices. Today sophisticated software is made up of hundreds of thousands of instructions. The advance of technology continues making the buying decision more complex. It isn’t just hardware – new, improved sofware packages appear on the market almost as soon as users have mastered the prior ones. 2. What’s driving this continual march? There is no doubt that users want more powerful, easier-to-use technology. There is also no doubt that computer firms want to turn out more product to generate more profits. So what if users want to stay with what they have now? Staying with the old software is possible. You can still use the software to do what you’ve always done, but you risk being left behind by the last-moving train of technological advance. No one wants to be left behind, watching everyone else move up to the new technology standards. 3. So there are risks to standing still. But there are also risks to forever riding the wave of technological advance which can be expensive. You have to throw out perfectly good hardware and software and purchase the latest available. Your new computing equipment should help you become more productive. But what do you do when the next sofware or the next microprocessor come out? When should you upgrade again? Unfortunately, there are no easy answers, just a wide range of options. Упражнение №6. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца текста причастия и укажите, какие функции в предложениях они выполняют. Упражнение №7. Выпишите из 3-го абзаца текста герундий и укажите его функции в предложении. Упражнение №8. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: Does the end user have any risk using old software and hardware? Контрольная работа 3 Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию. Переведите предложения. 1. To solve complex problems is the main purpose of the computers. 2. To solve complex problems we use different computers. 3. The problem to consider is very important. Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода сложного подлежащего и сложного дополнения. Подчеркните указанные конструкции. 1. Our engineers want the complex problems to be solved by computers. 2. Instructions in high-level programming languages are considered to be easier for humans to use than those in machine or assembly languages. Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните независимый причастный оборот. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода указанной конструкции. 1. The specialists use computers widely, the latter helping in performing computations at great speeds. 2. The previous instruction being completed, the Program Counter selects a new one. 3. A printer’s line is usually between 60 and 150 characters long, with 120 characters, being a common length. Упражнение №4. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод разных типов условных предложений. 1. If he had not investigated these phenomena, he would not have had such interesting results. 2. Could we improve the control system, the problem would be solved. 3. If we use the expert system, the results will be better. Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. The Internet 1. The Internet has been growing rapidly since its creation in 1983, radio, telephone and cable television wires, satellites, being used to deliver Internet services. By the mid-1990s the Internet linked millions of computers throughout the world and it is sure to be the most important commercial and popular means of communication nowadays. The original uses of the Internet were electronic mail, file transfer, bulletin boards and remote computer access. Having expanded considerably during the 1991s, the World Wide Web enables easily to examine the Internet sites and now it is likely to have become the leading information service of the Internet. 2. Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve information in a wide variety of areas including the arts, business, government, news, politics and recreation. People communicate through electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups and other means of information exchange. They share information and make commercial and business transactions. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks are connected to the Internet and exchange information in the same basic ways. Упражнение №6. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца текста: а) независимый причастный оборот и переведите его; б) сложные подлежащие, переведите их. Упражнение №7. Прочитайте2-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: Why are so many activities possible through the Internet? Контрольная работа 4 Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение. Подчеркните придаточное предложение. 1. The application programs are not concerned with the location of any data they use. 2. One knows the more memory you have in your computer the faster it works. Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их. Подчеркните глаголы to have и to be и определите их функции в предложении. 1. The first digital computer was built in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania. 2. This unit has to perform different arithmetic operations. 3. This invention has a great future. Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на различные грамматические значения и функции глаголов should и would. 1. Could we improve the control system, the problem would be solved. 2. Provided we used this method, we should obtain better results. 3. It is necessary that the program should be written in advance. Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения подчеркнутых слов. 1. Logical operations may be performed either on numbers or on expressions consisting of letters such as ordinary words. 2. Charles Babbage’s machine could not operate since there were no reliable and accurate electrical equipment at the beginning of the 18-th century. 3. Neither the configuration of the hardware nor the software was chosen correctly for solving given task. Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. 1. When computers were first introduced in the 1940’s and 50’s, every program written had to provide instructions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks not necessarily related to the program. The additional program instructions for working with hardware devices were very complex and time consuming. So the programmers faced problems which should be solved. 2. The programmers soon realized it would be smarter to develop one program that could control the computer’s hardware. If other programmers had needed such program, they would have used it. Because of these reasons they created the first operating system. Today operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse, provide disk management by letting you store information in files and let you run programs such as basic word processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own commands that help you to use the computer. 3. Windows 95 and Windows 98 being DOS compatible are still the most popular user-oriented operating systems with friendly interface and multitasking capabilities. The new series of operating systems by Microsoft are Windows Millennium, Windows 2000 and Windows XP. Each of these new products is addressed to the both corporate and private clients. New strategy of the Microsoft is aimed at creating a one for all product, which is to be useful for both beginners and advanced users. Упражнение №7. Выпишите из 3-го абзаца текста глагол to be в различных функциях и укажите их. Упражнение №8. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: Why was it necessary for the programmers to create an operating system?
Вариант 02
Контрольная работа 1 Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно: а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple; б) признаком множественно числа имени существительного; в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного. Переведите предложения. 1. Webster’s dictionary gives us the definition of the hardware as the mechanical, magnetic, electronic and electrical devices compose a computer system. 2. The configuration of the hardware met the consumer’s demands. 3. Usually the interface between you and the computer consists of the screen and the keyboard. Упражнение 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед существительным (левое определение). 1. The instruction manuals for most software applications contain a section which describes the function of each key or combination of keys. 2. A display adapter card is actually what builds the video images. Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык разных степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий. 1. Much simpler computer’s user interface is one of the greatest advantages for most computer users. 2. Let the robot replace people working in harmful conditions, and the sooner the better. Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений. 1. The language C has some important advantages: it is contemporary, effective, mobile, flexible and convenient. 2. In this program any statement on a line with a certain symbol can be ignored by the interpreter or compiler. 3. The mill had no automatic control of the production line. Упражнение №5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык слов it, one (ones), that, these, those в разных значениях. 1. Electronics makes it possible to raise industrial automation to a higher level. 2. One can divide memories into two major types: static memories and dynamic memories. 3. Static memories are those that retain the information without the need to refresh that information at frequent time intervals. Упражнение №6. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив, переведите предложения. 1. Today most robots are used in manufacturing operations. 2. The sequence of operations were performed by the computer. 3. Some experts think that virtual reality will become a part of modern life. Упражнение №7. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык предложений и оборотом there is (are). 1. Nowadays there are different ways of storing information. 2. There are 8 bits in a byte. 3. Is there any difference between these two types of computers? Упражнение №8. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. COMPUTER REVOLUTION 1. 50 years ago people didn’t even hear of computers, and today we cannot imagine life without them. Computer technology is the fastest growing industry in the world. The first computer was the size of a minibus and weighed a ton. Today, its job can be done by a chip the size of a pin head. And the revolution is still going on. Very soon we’ll have computers that will be worn on our wrists or even in our glasses and earrings. The next generations of computers will be able to talk and even think for themselves. They will contain electronic ‘neural network’. Of course, they’ll be still much simpler than human brains, but it will be the greatest step forward. Such computers will help to diagnose illnesses, find minerals, identify criminals and control space travel. 2. Some people say that computers are dangerous, but I don’t agree with them. They save a lot of time and give access to a lot of information. They seldom make mistakes. It’s much faster and easier to surf the Internet than to go to the library. On-line shopping makes it possible to find exactly what you want at the best price, saving both time and money. E-mail is a great invention too. It’s faster than sanding a letter and cheaper than sending a telegram. All in all, I strongly believe that computers are the useful tool. They have changed our life for the better. So why shouldn’t we make them work to our advantage? Упражнение № 9. Выпишите из первого абзаца текста предложения, содержащие прилагательные в одной из степеней сравнения. Упражнение № 10. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащий правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос. What is the main advantage of using computers? 1. They have small size. 2. They save a lot of time and give access to a lot of information. 3. They aren’t dangerous for human beings. Контрольная работа 2 Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения; определите залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Переведите предложения. 1. Improved software packages are appearing on the market. 2. Automation has also had an influence on the areas of economy other than manufacturing. 3. Modern personal computers are always looked at with interest. 4. By the appointed time all the changes in the control program had been finished. Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения. 1. The same set of characters may have meaning sometimes as a number, sometimes as an instruction. 2. We have to develop automatic control for industry, business and scientific research. 3. It is necessary to buy a printer if the personal computer is to be used to print letters or other information. Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Переведите предложения. 1. Any operation performed by a computer must be interpreted into a machine code. 2. When controlling automatic production the electronic machine sends the necessary commands to the control panel according to the programme. 3. The control program is a large program occupying thousands of bytes. Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Переведите предложения. 1. The central processing unit contains facilities for addressing main storage, for fetching and storing information, etc. 2. Detecting and correcting any errors is called debugging. 3. After taking special training the workers become highly skilled operators of automatic system. Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. PORTABLE COMPUTERS 1. The first digital computer was built in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania. In its early days it required 18,500 vacuum tubes storing information. Obviously, a 30-ton computer had its limitations. Scientists and engineers had to work hard, making it better. Using transistors as small amplifiers in place of the large vacuum tubes they could reduce the size and cost of computers. 2. In the early 1960’s the first minicomputers were sold commercially. The revolution was going on. Less than a decade later, the microcomputer was invented. The basic unit of the microcomputer is a tiny silicon chip serving different computer functions. Having very small size each cheap is able to contain thousands of elements. One of the latest developments is bubble memory used for the purpose of storing information in tiny magnetic spots or island. They hold the information without loosing it when the power is turned off. 3. The great advances in microelectronics have helped achieve the moon landing and create highly technological devices. Still the computer revolution is moving on. Portable computers are the latest innovation. In the smallest of the portables the disk drives have been replaced by bubble memory chips. In these computers information can be stored on the road, in the classroom, at conferences, at the library, or elsewhere and later transferred to printer or convention disk drive memory. Hand-held computers are very light in weight and small in size and can be useful for some situations, but there are some drawbacks. The displays are rarely more than a single short line in length, and the keyboard is too small. Упражнение № 6. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца текста причастия и укажите, какие функции в предложении они выполняют. Упражнение № 7. Выпишите из 2-го абзаца текста герундий и укажите его функции. Упражнение № 8. Прочитайте 3-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: What are the main advantages of hand-held computers?
Вариант 03
Контрольная работа 1 Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно: а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple; б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного; в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного. Переведите предложения. 1. Bill Gates led Microsoft’s evolution from the developer of computer programming to a large computer software company. 2. The programmers’ efforts were made to improve the final product. 3. A keyboard looks very much like a typewriter. Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед существительным. 1. The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms. 2. Manufacture is one of the most important application fields for automation technology. 3. Random access memory (RAM) is the volatile computer memory. Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык разных степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий. 1. One of the most important tasks of microcomputer is to store the data for later processing. 2. The higher the complexity of the tasks performed by the computer, the harder and more costly the computer becomes. Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений. 1. You can choose any combination of colours on the menu bar within Turbo BASIC’s integrated environment. 2. Turbo Pascal allows you to create some outstanding visual displays quickly and easily. 3. The computer has no possibility to substitute a human being in all respects. Упражнение №5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык слов it, one (ones), that, these, those в разных значениях. 1. It is to an industrial technology and scientific development that electronic devices contributed greatly. 2. To improve computing machines one should improve memory devices. 3. The methods of control of the units are similar to those of a telephone network. Упражнение №6. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения. 1. In nearly all industrial robotic applications the robot provides a substitute for human labour. 2. The information was received by the input of the computer. 3. In the future, computers will bring a lot of benefits, but they will also increase the potential for imaginable chaos. Упражнение №7. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык предложений с оборотом there is (are). 1. There are 8 bits in a byte. 2. At the moment there is all the necessary information in the computer’s memory to perform the task. 3. There were no ways of solving this problem without computer. Упражнение №8. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. BILL GATES – THE RICHEST MAN IN THE WORLD 1. Everyone has heard of Bill Gates, the icon of American business and the richest man in the world. Microsoft, the business he started with a friend in 1975, has become the world’s largest computer software company. Bill Gates was born on the 28-th of October, 1955, in Seattle, USA. Seattle was once famous for producing Boeing aircraft, but is now better known as the home of Microsoft. From his parents Bill got a good business, sense and a quick mind. At 13 he got interested in computers. Bill Gates and his friend Paul Allen spent all their time writing programmes and learning about computers. 2. After finishing school in 1973 Bill went to Harvard, America’s most famous university. Most of the time he worked on the computers in the university laboratory. The next year, he and Paul Allen wrote an operating programme for the Altair, one of the world’s first microcomputers. The two friends started Microsoft in 1975 and very soon it became a big success. In 1980, Gates bought an operating system called DOS. He made some changes to it and called it MS-DOS. He sold the rights to use the system to IBM. MS-DOS became the standard operating system for all PCs of that time. Microsoft has also developed such well-known programmes as Windows, Excel and Internet Explorer. Bill’s dream is to computerize everything – TVs, telephones, lights, even the way you cook dinner. Упражнение №9. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца текста предложения, содержащие прилагательные и наречие в одной из степеней сравнения. Упражнение №10. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос: Which operating system (programme), developed by Bill Gates, was the first to come onto the market? 1. … an operating system called MS-DOS. 2. ...an operating system called Windows. 3. ...an operating programme for the Altair, one of the world\'s first microcomputers.
Вариант 04
Контрольная работа 1 Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно: а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple; б) признаком множественно числа имени существительного; в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного. Переведите предложения. 1. From the customers’ point of view the computer had the best hardware. 2. The word interface refers to the way you interact with your computer. 3. Today most robots are used in manufacturing operation. Упражнение 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед существительным (левое определение). 1. The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data. 2. The monitor is a component with a display screen for viewing computer data, television programmes. 3. Software is the final computer system component. Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык разных степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий. 1. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. 2. We structure our computers from several processors, arrange them so that the greater the number of the processors, the faster the supercomputer. 3. The new computer programme was much longer than the previous one, but as reliable as possible. Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений. 1. Any information may be represented in digital form. 2. Physically the set of bits is a set of arrangements of some physical equipment. 3. The programme had no mistakes and could be loaded at ones. Упражнение №5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык слов it, one (ones), that, these, those в разных значениях. 1. It was Norbert Weiner who was recognized as the father of cybernetics. 2. One should remember about timing problem (when executing) an instruction. 3. That computer is more efficient than the old one. Упражнение №6. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив, переведите предложения. 1. These digits are easily multiplied. 2. The first microcomputer was built in 1975. 3. Bill Gates made some changes to DOS-operating system and renamed it MS-DOS. Упражнение №7. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык предложений c оборотом there is (are). 1. There are mathematical and logical operations performed by a computer. 2. There was no possibility to use that configuration of hardware for solving the task. 3. Are there any mistakes in the new program? Упражнение №8. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. INTEL OPENS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER 1. Intel, the world’s leading microprocessor producer, has opened a research and development centre in St. Petersburg. The new centre will boost the city’s economy and help Russia to promote the computer technology. The St. Petersburg centre will play a key role in developing the basic building blocks of ‘Management Environment’ technology. The applications will help to run faster and more efficiently, and higher quality software will be developed much faster. 2. The market in Russia and St. Petersburg continues to grow and smart people are needed to serve this market and better help it. For these reasons Intel decided to open a lab here. All the lab employers were subcontracted from St. Petersburg Elbrus, a leader in computer technology research. In St. Petersburg 5000 students start studying computer programming every year. The city has a very big potential and is home to some of the best computer engineers in the world. This project is very good for Russia because this actually means that local talented engineers can stay on, be employed by one of the biggest, world-class companies. They can apply their knowledge, be used and also they can earn decent salaries. Упражнение № 9. Выпишите из первого абзаца текста предложения, содержащие прилагательные в одной из степеней сравнения. Упражнение № 10. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащий правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос. Why does Intel decide to open the center in St. Petersburg? 1. The company needs to develop new product. 2. The company wants to pay high salaries to St. Petersburg computer engineers. 3. The company needs the new computer market and smart people to serve it. Контрольная работа 2 Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения; определите залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Переведите предложения. 1. The PC hardware has been upgraded. 2. The experiments on the new microcomputer were carried out during the whole month. 3. After the computer had received the data it began to process the information. The development of MS-DOS was followed by Microsoft Windows. Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения. 1. We have to continue developing automatic control for industry, business, education and scientific research. 2. A smart robot should be able to think, sense and move any material part or device through variable programmed motions. 3. The device may be used to process information. Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Переведите предложения. 1. The operator pressing the keys makes the calculator operate. 2. Discussing the advantages of the new memory unit the professor gave the students all the necessary explanations. 3. The time required to transmit one computer word out of the memory to where it will be used is called the memory access time. Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Переведите предложения. 1. After compiling the instruction the Program Counter selects a new one. 2. He is responsible for writing the computer program. 3. Selecting one type over the other is almost a choice between the cost of the machine and computational speed. Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. SOME MORE FACTS ABOUT COMPUTERS 1. The history of computing covers less than two hundred years. The early years from 1830-1950 were considered its infancy. Charles Babbage invented the difference and the analytical engine. The difference engine was used in finding errors in handwritten tables. The analytical engine was designed for mathematical computations. This machine had five features found in today’ computer hardware: there must be input, processing, output, controlling and storage devices. 2. The vacuum tube was used as primary computer component during the first generation of computers. Punched cards and magnetic tape were used for secondary storage. The second generation computers were significantly improved with the transistor. The integrated circuit replaced the transistors in the third generation computers. The fourth generation introduced the microprocessor on a chip. The semiconductor chip is made of a crystalline substance conducting electricity. When introduced the chip greatly influenced the computer technology. The fifth generation has arrived recently. New areas are developing in this generation, including artificial intelligence, expert systems and natural languages. 3. A wide variety of computers are used today, but they can be broadly classified as special and general-purpose computers. You should know the difference. Special-purpose computers are able to accept only certain types of input and present a narrow range of outputs. The most common kind of general-purpose computer in use today is the personal computer or microcomputer. It gets the name microcomputer from the tiny electronic device, called the microprocessor, that does the actual processing. Упражнение № 6. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца текста герундий и укажите его функции. Упражнение № 7. Выпишите из 2-го абзаца текста причастия и укажите их функции. Упражнение № 8. Прочитайте 3-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: Does the personal computer belong to special-purpose or general-purpose computers? Контрольная работа 3 Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функции. Переведите предложения. 1. To make possible communication from a human being and a computer is the main purpose of the input unit. 2. Information has to be in the from of digits or characters for a digital computer. 3. The input to be described here is a new device. Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните сложное подлежащее и сложное дополнение. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода указанных конструкций. 1. The magnetic recording is done on a disk which permits an information to be stored or read at one or several points on it. 2. FORTRAN is said to be a machine independent programming language. Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните независимый причастный оборот. Переведите, обращая внимание на особенности перевода указанной конструкции. 1. Microprocessors being programmable logic systems, they can perform different jobs functions. 2. A personal computer is a small computer based on a microcomputer, the latter being also called a microprocessor. Упражнение №4. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на виды условных предложений. 1. Provided we used this method, we would obtain better results. 2. If they have enough time, they will repeat their experiment. Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. SOME MORE FACTS ABOUT THE INTERNET 1. The Internet originally appeared as the US Department of Defence programme. Established in 1968, this programme was to provide a secure communications network for organizations, each being engaged in defence research work. Scientists were allowed to use this network and later a similar and parallel network named National Science Foundation Net (shortly NSFNet) was created. Using much of the first technology the new network was able to handle greater amount of data carrying it at a rate of 45 million bit per second. 2. Nowadays, on the one hand, the Internet development is known to be governed by the Internet Architecture Board. On the other hand, the Internet Network Information Centre is responsible for the naming of computers and networks. To expand the network’s utility a lot of programmes are being developed, the network games, monetary transactions, virtual museums also helping to test the limits of Internet technology. 3. It should be noted that companies often develop private internal networks for sharing information and collaborating within the company, these networks usually being isolated from the surrounding Internet by special computer-security system. Упражнение №6. Выпишите из 2-го абзаца текста сложное подлежащее и переведите его. Упражнение №7. Выпишите из 3-го абзаца текста независимый причастный оборот и переведите его. Упражнение №8. Прочитайте 1-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: What was the Internet originally designed for? Контрольная работа 4 Упражнение №1. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение. 1. The device our plant produces help to automate production processes. 2. Some experts think we will live in virtual reality. Упражнение №2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните глаголы to have и to be и определите их функцию в предложении. 1. This ordinary adding machine has ten keys for each column of digits. 2. This article was to show the results of research work. 3. This personal computer has been constructed at our laboratory. Упражнение №3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, укажите различные грамматические функции и значения глаголов should и would. 1. If I were you, I shouldn’t use this unreliable program. 2. Should the source document change, the secondary document containing pasted data would change too. 3. We supposed they would use other kind of memory for solving the task. Упражнение №4. Перепишите предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов. 1. As the power of microcomputers increases, they can be used either as a central computer providing processing for several user terminals or as a more powerful single computer for an individual user. 2. Since the transistor was invented, no single electronics has had such an impact as microcomputer. 3. We could not use this device for it was not reliable. Упражнение №5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAD) 1. The introduction of microprocessors and computers has made possible the development of computer-aided design (CAD) technologies. When using these systems a designer draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the help of either a mouse, light pen, or other input device. After the drawing has been completed the computer automatically gives the instructions that are to direct a machining centre to machine the part. Since CAD can create models in three dimensions and can offer the viewer different perspectives instantly, the program is inevitable to almost anyone who deals with design. 2. In late 1981 John Walker decided the time was right to form a software-only company. He foresaw a rise in popularity of mass-market computer systems coming from large companies. Walker realized all these machines would need software to run on them. The new company was formed in 1982 as a limited partnership of 16 people. One of the software products the new company decided to market was a graphics program called Interact. It was to become the basis of AutoCAD, one of the most successful computer-aided design program. 3. Due to AutoCAD computer system costing from 10 to 15 thousand dollars was able to do much the same as systems costing $70 thousand, namely to draw two- and three-dimensional objects using the computer rather than T-squares, rules, pencils and pens. It was an immediate hit. Today, AutoCAD remains the industry standard in computer-aided design software. Упражнение №6. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца текста глагол to be в функции модального глагола. Упражнение №7. Выпишите из 2-го абзаца текста: а) предложения, содержащие бессоюзное подчинение и подчеркните придаточное бессоюзное предложение. б) предложение, содержащее глагол would и укажите его функцию. Упражнение №8. Прочитайте 3-й абзац текста и выберите номер правильного ответа на поставленный вопрос: Why was AutoCAD a great innovation on the computer market? 1. It enabled the user to design objects in color. 2. It enables the user to calculate the dimensions of objects. 3. It enabled the user to design objects without rules and pencils, using a very inexpensive application program.
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