Иностранный язык

Федеральное агентство по образованию
Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования
Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет аэрокосмического приборостроения
Английский язык
Методические указания и контрольные задания
Санкт-Петербург 2009 год

Стоимость готового варианта контрольной работы указана ниже, вы можете приобрести готовый вариант он-лайн.
Выполнены все варианты контрольных работ по английскому языку для ГУАП (технические специальности):

Контрольная работа по английскому языку содержит 9-ть страниц А4, оформление word (присылаем на email файл word + pdf)

1. Вставьте в предложения глагол to be в форме единственного или множественного числа is/are.
1.The news I have receive … good. 2.The sheep … in the field. 3.Fish … not cheap today. 4.The stairs … very clean. 5.Her wages … low.

2. Употребите в данных предложениях личные местоимения.
1.My husband has a new car, but … doesn’t like … very much. 2.Pete has three sons. He plays golf with … in his free time. 3.Steve’s new teacher is Mr. Ford. Steve likes … a lot. 4.They are very good people. I know … . 5.I have a sister. I love … very much. 6.We are good students and our teacher likes to teach … .

3. Заполните пропуски притяжательными местоимениями в простой или абсолютной форме.
1.We have a nice flat. … flat is in a new house. 2.This is my car. … is a 1992 model. 3.Jim, tell me, isn’t that ... girl-friend over there? 4.I know that he has lost … text-book, perhaps you can lend him … . 5.Ann is glad to see … friends again. 6.I am not happy about my new house, but … is just awful. I can’t understand why they’ve bought it.

4. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных местоимений и наречий.
1.Everywhere in Moscow you will see new buildings. 2.The lecturer will tell us something about the history of Great Britain. 3.Any station in our Metro is very clean and beautiful. 4.Some new districts appeared in St. Petersburg during the last 5 years. 5.You can’t find this book anywhere. 6.Anyone who comes to St. Petersburg tries to visit the Hermitage. 7.No engineer can solve this problem without the help of computers.

5. Напишите форму множественного числа от данных существительных:
boy, wife, man, mouse, sheep, matchbox, woman-teacher, sister-in-law, table, story, leaf

6. Поставьте выделенные существительные во множественное число. Произведите все необходимые изменения.
1.I have hurt my foot. 2.Put the box on the shelf. 3.This factory has a good laboratory. 4.Their child studies very well. 5.There is a deer near our cottage. 6.His speech was very interesting.

7. Перепишите данные ниже предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи является слово, оформленное окончанием -s, какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно а) показателем 3л.ед.ч. в Present Indefinite (Present Simple), б) признаком множественного числа существительного, в) показателем притяжательного числа имени существительного. Предложения переведите.
1.The lectures of professor Nelson are very interesting. 2.He lectures on Mathematics. 3.What is your friend’s profession? 4.Each lesson lasts 40 minutes. 5.In autumn leaves begin to fall from the trees. 6.The train leaves at 9.

8. Вставьте вместо точек s, ‘s, s’, где необходимо.
1.This is a new book of Pushkin… poem… . 2.The ship… crew consisted of foreign sailors. 3.These film... are Sam… and Frank… parents… . 4.They spent a week … holiday at the Barton… .

9. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1.The oftener you visit the Hermitage, the more you like it. 2.Winter is the coldest season of the year. 3.Moscow today is 5 times as big as at the beginning of the 20th century. 4.St. Petersburg is the second largest city after Moscow. 5.The St. Petersburg University is not so old as the Moscow or Kazan Universities.

10. Раскройте скобки и поставьте прилагательные в нужную степень.
1.He is the (strong) boy in the whole school. 2.Which of the two men is (tall)? 3.Here is the (late) news. 4.He didn’t take the medicine yesterday and he feels (bad) today. 5.Who is your (good) friend? 6.There were (few) new words in this text and it took me (little) time to read it.

11. Перепишите данные предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глагола и укажите их инфинитив. Предложения переведите.
1.In 1712 St. Petersburg became the capital of Russia. 2.For citizens of St. Petersburg the embankment of the Neva is one of the most beautiful places in the world. 3.St. Petersburg got its name in 1703. 4.I shan’t go out now as I have a lot of work to do. 5.They do their shopping every day.

12. Перепишите и переведите приводимые ниже предложения. Поставьте их в отрицательную форму. Задайте общий и специальный вопрос к каждому предложению.
1.Tim does his morning exercises every day. (What?). 2.He always smokes before lunch. (When?) 3.Mary’s mother taught her how to cook. (Whom?) 4.Yesterday we spent a lot of money. (What?) 5.My sister will wear her new dress. (When?) 6.We shall join them later. (Why?)

13. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 3-й абзац текста.
Basic Solid-State Principles
In a conductor, electric current flow is a movement of free electrons. The outer or valence electrons of a good conductor are loosely bound to the atom. At room temperature the thermal energy causes approximately one electron to detach from each atom and become free to move and result in a current flow when an electric potential is applied. Insulators are materials in which outer electrons are tightly bound to the atom and no electrons are free to move. Thus, no current can flow when voltage is applied.
Between these two major categories is a class of materials called semiconductors. As the name implies, a semiconductor is a material with conductivity roughly midway between conductors and insulators. It is not just a poor conductor; it has two important properties. First, its resistance normally decreases with increase of temperature, while in conductors resistance slightly increases with temperature. Second, the flow of current in a semiconductor may be caused either by a flow of negative electrons or by a movement of missing sites in the opposite direction. If an atom has one outer electron missing, a loosely bound electron from a neighbouring atom can jump into it, leaving behind a new vacant site; this, in turn, can be filled by an electron from the third atom and so on. The impression is as if the vacant site has moved. Such vacant sites are called “holes” and since a negative electron is missing, the hole can be said to have a positive charge.
Semiconductor materials in which conduction is due to a flow of electrons are called n-type materials and those in which conduction is due to the movement of positive holes are called p-type.

Контрольная работа по английскому языку содержит 9-ть страниц А4, оформление word (присылаем на email файл word + pdf)

1. Вставьте в предложения глагол to be в форме единственного или множественного числа is/are.
1.Where … the money? 2.His trousers … too large for him. 3.Mathematics … my poorest subject. 4.His savings … in the bank. 5.Those glasses … his.

2. Употребите в данных предложениях личные местоимения.
1.This is my new coat. Look at … . 2.My uncle is old. He wants to live with … and my parents. 3.How is your nephew? Say “Hi” to … . 4.You are ill, Pete. We want to be with … in the evening. 5.Mary and I are good students, so our teacher likes … . 6.Linda isn’t here. Can I give … a message?

3. Заполните пропуски притяжательными местоимениями в простой или абсолютной форме.
1.I have a dog. The dog is … . 2.I have a piano in … room. 3.Tell him not to forget … paper, she must not forget …, either. 4.I managed to keep … books dry, but you got … wet, I see. 5.Sarah is dressed very well. Most of … clothes are expensive. 6.Jim has left. These cannot be … keys.

4. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных местоимений и наречий.
1.Some electronic devices find wide application in every house. 2.You will find this material nowhere but in the encyclopedia. 3.Something happened to my computer. It doesn’t work. 4.Any result in our experiment will be of great importance for the whole research. 5.If you have no money, you cannot buy anything. 6.She said nothing. 7.There was no one in the room.

5. Напишите форму множественного числа от данных существительных:
piano, knife, woman, child, deer, classroom, manservant, brother-in-law, bench, day, trout

6. Поставьте выделенные существительные во множественное число. Произведите все необходимые изменения.
1.This is an English dictionary. 2.The last leaf fell from the tree. 3.Where is the brush? 4.The roof of the house with covered with snow. 5.There is a sheep in the field. 6.There is an angry wolf in the forest.

7. Перепишите данные ниже предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи является слово, оформленное окончанием -s, какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно а) показателем 3л.ед.ч. в Present Indefinite (Present Simple), б) признаком множественного числа существительного, в) показателем притяжательного числа имени существительного. Предложения переведите.
1.The St. Petersburg technical University trains specialists in many fields. 2.Trains from Moscow arrive in St. Petersburg at the Moscow Railway Station. 3.Flats in new houses are very comfortable. 4.The Hermitage houses a big collection of Western European Art. 5.This problem needs a special approach. Our country’s needs in electricity will continue to grow.

8. Вставьте вместо точек s, ‘s, s’, где необходимо.
1.This man was Paul… and Kate… teacher… of music. 2.My relatives spent a two week… holiday with the Barton… . 3.This winter… life was short but bright. 4.The boy… got their first week… salary and were very happy.

9. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1.There are more than 50 schools of higher learning in St. Petersburg. 2.Mathematics is as important for technical students as Physics. 3.This new apparatus is 4 times as powerful as the old one. 4.These machine tools are not so efficient as the new ones. 5.The more systematic are our studies, the deeper is our knowledge.

10. Раскройте скобки и поставьте прилагательные в нужную степень.
1.Of the two sisters Mary is the (beautiful). 2.Which do you like (good), orange juice or lemon juice? 3.The Nile is the (large) river in Africa. 4.Let’s go by car. It’s (cheap) than by train. 5.This is (comfortable) room in my flat. It is (big) and (light) than other rooms. 6.Kate is the (young) of my five sisters.

11. Перепишите данные предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глагола и укажите их инфинитив. Предложения переведите.
1.There is a wide system of extramural education in our country. 2.In two years, my friend will become a specialist in the field of radio engineering. 3.She got up, washed, had breakfast and went to school. 4.Our classes begin at 8.30. 5.We saw an interesting film yesterday.

12. Перепишите и переведите приводимые ниже предложения. Поставьте их в отрицательную форму. Задайте общий и специальный вопросы к каждому предложению.
1.The Wilsons normally have breakfast at 7 o’clock. (When?) 2.Many people like to work in the garden. (Where?) 3.They went to the airport by car. (How?) 4.They chose books and magazines at the bookstall. (What?) 5.I shall know the result in a week. (When?) 6.He will buy a present to Mary for Christmas. (To whom?)

13. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2-й абзац текста.
Junction Transistors
The junction transistor was one of the first types of transistor to come into commercial use, and many thousands are now used in electronic circuits. The junction transistor is a bipolar transistor, that is it employs both p-types and n-types semiconductor regions.
Early transistors were made from germanium, and were mainly of the p-n-p type. That is, they comprise a single crystal, which contains two p-regions and one n-region. One of the p-regions, known as an emitter, is of low resistivity material with a heavy impurity doping. The emitter is the source of charge carriers in the transistor. The central n-region is known as the base region of the transistor, and is a relatively pure** semiconductor of high resistivity. The base region is the control electrode or control region of the transistor. The second p-region, known as the collector region, has a lower conductivity than the emitter region, and is the region in which the mobile charge carriers are finally collected.
With the development of silicon devices, p-n-p transistors have come into more common usage. In the n-p-n transistor, the two extreme n-regions are the emitter and collector, respectively, while the central p-region is the base region.
NOTES: *junction transistor –плоскостной транзистор **pure – чистый, без примесей

Контрольная работа по английскому языку содержит 9-ть страниц А4, оформление word (присылаем на email файл word + pdf)

1. Вставьте в предложения глагол to be в форме единственного или множественного числа is/are.
1.Our furniture … getting old. 2.All my belongings … in my bag. 3.Physics … a compulsory subject at school. 4.Her jeans … black. 5.Billiards … played all over the world.

2. Употребите в данных предложениях личные местоимения.
1.That’s my notebook. Can I have … back, please? 2.Their tutor gives … a lot of homework. 3.Look! This is a photo of … with my friends. 4.Who’s that handsome man? I want to meet … . 5.We want to talk with our cousin William, but he is tired. He doesn’t want to speak with … . 6.Are you free? I want to speak with … .

3. Заполните пропуски притяжательными местоимениями в простой или абсолютной форме.
1.You don’t have enough time to wash … hair. 2.Our house is older than the Smiths’. … is smaller though. 3.Thomas met … wife at a college, but my wife is more intelligent than … . 4.I am sorry, this is not my jacket, … is brown. 5. It is cold in this room but in … it is even worse. We are freezing. 6.Materials can be classified according to … electrical properties.

4. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных местоимений и наречий.
1.Nobody missed lectures last week. 2.We did not find this magazine anywhere. 3.He knew nothing about this discovery. 4.Something happened to my TV set. 5.Everybody in England is proud of their traditions. 6.No one in the laboratory could tell us about the results of the experiments. 7.Our professor told us about some interesting facts from his practical work.

5. Напишите форму множественного числа от данных существительных:
box, hero, shelf, foot, tooth, goose, pocket-knife, woman-servant, family, fish, postman

6. Поставьте выделенные существительные во множественное число. Произведите все необходимые изменения.
1.The wife of the sailor came to the shore. 2.The story is thrilling. 3.The cargo of the steamer consists of different raw materials. 4.There is a new house in our street. 5.He keeps his toys in the box. 6.Put this knife on the table.

7. Перепишите данные ниже предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи является слово, оформленное окончанием -s, какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно а) показателем 3л.ед.ч. в Present Indefinite (Present Simple), б) признаком множественного числа существительного, в) показателем притяжательного числа имени существительного. Предложения переведите.
1.A friend of mine studies at our University. 2.This young engineer’s projects are very interesting. 3.Students do their practical work in well-equipped laboratories and studies. 4.He used the results of these analyses in his work. 5.Electricity lights our streets and houses. 6.Their institute houses both physical and chemical laboratories.

8. Вставьте s, ‘s, s’ вместо точек, где необходимо.
1.There was a moment... silence between them. 2.We could not explain the young girl… behaviour at yesterday… dinner. 3.Bob… friend… live in his parent… house. 4.What was the car… number?

9. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1.The nearer is the summer, the longer are the days. 2.Winter in England is not so cold as it is in our country. 3.This new device operates several times faster than your old one. 4.To study well is as important as to work well. 5.The hottest days are in summer.

10. Раскройте скобки и поставьте прилагательные в нужную степень.
1.It is (bad) paper you have ever given me. 2.Cold weather is (pleasant) than wet weather. 3.Who is (happy) man in the world? 4.A car is (expensive) than a bicycle. 5.How can I get to the (near) post-office? 6.Hunger is the (good) cook.

11. Перепишите данные предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глагола и укажите их инфинитив. Предложения переведите.
1.There were two universities in England in the early 13th century – Oxford and Cambridge. 2.They usually buy newspapers in the morning. 3.For a long time London University had no library. 4.The students will take an active part in the preparation for the conference. 5.My friend attends lectures, classes and seminars at the University three times a week.

12. Перепишите и переведите приводимые ниже предложения. Поставьте их в отрицательную форму. Задайте общий и специальный вопрос к каждому предложению.
1.We usually do the shopping on Thursday. (What?) 2.Charles goes to the disco every Saturday. (How often?) 3.She gave him some medicine. (Whom?) 4.The train started at 9 o’clock. (When?) 5.We shall go to the theatre with Mary. (With whom?) 6.You will come here next month. (Where?)

13. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 3-й абзац текста.
Semiconductors
A semiconductor is often defined as an electrical conductor that has a conductivity intermediate between that of an insulator and that of a metal. Some of the properties, which we now associate with semiconductors, have been known for a century or more. Little use was made of these properties, however, until the first decade of the last century, when practical semiconductor detectors were developed for radio reception.
Engineers and scientists turned their attention to semiconductors more than 40 years ago. They saw in them a means of solving an old engineering problem, namely, that of direct conversion of heat into electricity without boilers or machines.
The most important among the semiconductor devices, the transistors, were invented in 1948. Their invention and development resulted in the expanded use of semiconductor devices of all kinds. Semiconductor devices can usually perform all the elementary functions of oscillation, amplification, modulation and demodulation, rectification, etc. with greater economy of cost, space, and power, than can other devices such as vacuum tubes and relays. Semiconductor devices are used in measuring techniques, automatics, computers, radio and TV sets. A new industry – helioengineering* - has appeared. Solar batteries are successfully operating on sputniks and spaceships.
NOTES: * helioengineering – гелиотехника

Контрольная работа по английскому языку содержит 11-ть страниц А4, оформление word (присылаем на email файл word + pdf)

1. Перепишите предложения; подчеркните в каждом глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (Б) обратите внимание на особенности перевода конструкций со страдательным залогом, в разделе (В) – на место предлога в русском языке.
Образец: were agreed upon – Past Ind. (Simple)Passive от глагола to agree
(A) 1.While engineers were testing a new high-frequency device the power supply was suddenly interrupted. 2.A number of investigations has shown that the poles of the Earth’s magnetic field have reversed many times. 3.When the user gets into trouble, he can discover by reading the instruction book what he is doing wrong. 4.Russian astronomers have concluded that the Earth is hit by cosmic bodies as often as the Moon. 5.A new welding machine will be put into operation next week.
(Б) 1.A subroutine may be used many times during the computation of a programme but is written only once in the whole programme. 2.A computer must be told what operation to perform by means of instructions. 3.The students were shown a flow chart, which was very helpful for understanding interrelationship between various parts of a code. 4.We hope that during the discussion we’ll be offered some new ways of solving this problem. 5.He was promised immediate help.
(B) 1.No special attention was paid to the early period of this scientist’s activity. 2.His remark wasn’t taken notice of. 3.He would like to read the article referred to by the professor. 4.The decision insisted upon could not be accepted. 5.The lecture was followed by a discussion.

2. Заполните пустые графы таблицы номерами соответствующих предложений:

Контрольная работа по английскому языку содержит 10-ть страниц А4, оформление word (присылаем на email файл word + pdf)

1. Перепишите предложения; подчеркните в каждом глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (Б) обратите внимание на особенности перевода конструкций со страдательным залогом, в разделе (В) – на место предлога в русском языке.
Образец: were agreed upon – Past Ind. (Simple) Passive от глагола to agree
(A) 1.We have seen that the collector current is equal to the emitter current. 2.Integrated circuits are rapidly replacing transistors, diodes, resistors and capacitors. 3.The frequency of collisions between the atoms and electrons will be increasing when a greater number of electrons is present. 4.Radio astronomy has given mankind efficient means for penetrating into space. 5.The kind of electrolyte used had had no effect on the electromotive force.
(Б) 1.The term integrated circuit is used to describe a group of electronic elements connected together. 2.The test will be finished in two weeks. 3.Synthetic rubber products were developed between 1914 and the 1930s. 4.Heat energy is being used in many branches of industry now. 5.Energy is involved in any motion and in any event.
(B) 1.The achievements in the field of radioelectronics were much written about. 2.The problem concerning the work of superheterodyne receiver will be further worked at. 3.The operation of semiconductor devices is affected by temperature. 4.As these electrons are loosely bound to the atom, they are spoken of as free electrons. 5.The reverse current is influenced by the rate of change of applied voltage.

2. Заполните пустые графы таблицы номерами соответствующих предложений:

Контрольная работа по английскому языку содержит 11-ть страниц А4, оформление word (присылаем на email файл word + pdf)

1. Перепишите предложения; подчеркните в каждом глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (Б) обратите внимание на особенности перевода конструкций со страдательным залогом, в разделе (В) – на место предлога в русском языке.
Образец: were agreed upon – Past Ind. (Simple) Passive от глагола to agree
(A) 1.Amplifiers have played a great role in most electronic devices. 2.The article was describing the main features of some semiconductor device. 3.A new type of transistor will be consuming practically no power from the tested circuit. 4.The Mendeleyev system has served for almost 100 years as a key to discovering new elements.
(Б) 1.The rise and fall of the current pulses are affected to some extent by almost every circuit element. 2.The first sputnik was launched into space in 1957. 3.These elements will be transformed into other elements during the next stage of the experiment. 4.In this paper new experimental observations were presented. 5.The relationship between the computers and the people that use them will be described in all the details.
(B) 1.The experiment carried out by these researchers can be relied upon. 2.Some amplification was obtained by using tuned r-f amplifier ahead of the mixer. 3.The discovery of electron was followed by investigations of its properties. 4.The amplifying characteristics of a new type of transistor will be referred to as¹ reverse saturation current.
NOTES: ¹ to be referred to as – называться

2. Заполните пустые графы таблицы номерами соответствующих предложений:

Контрольная работа по английскому языку содержит 11-ть страниц А4, оформление word (присылаем на email файл word + pdf)

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них глагол-сказуемое, определите его время, вид и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Например: is based – Pr. Simple Passive
1. Despite the apparent properties of compound semiconductors, their general use has not been great because of several limitations. 2. The potential difference across the junction had been increased. 3. Magnetic amplifiers have been employed for some 50 years; transistors were reported upon in 1948. 4. Sometimes a decision to compute is followed by a process of selecting the particular kind of computing machine, which best suits for the given problem. 5. Our rockets, the first in the world, were being sent to other planets. 6. This problem must be approached from another point of view. 7. This job cannot be done for a short period, you need at least a month. 8. It is 20 years since he left home, and he has never been heard of since. 9. Tell him he is being waited for. 10. L. Carroll is remembered not as a mathematician but as the author of Alice in Wonderland.

2. Поставьте глагол-сказуемое в следующих предложениях в страдательном залоге, стараясь сохранить время.
1.? built these houses about 25 years ago. 2. ? must keep the sick child warm.
3. ? has translated Shakespeare's plays into many languages. 4. ? will open the new University next October.

3. Из данных слов постройте предложения. Глаголы в скобках поставьте в нужную форму страдательного залога.
1. will be (to teach) – Mr Green – this class – next year.
2. this film – at least a million people – has been (to see).
3. prefer – men – to be (to teach) - most boys.
4. was (to head) - the Minister of Foreign Affairs – the delegation - by.
5. Oxford – he – at – was (to educate).

4. Трансформируйте предложения в активный залог, используя слова they, we, somebody в качестве подлежащего, где это необходимо.
1. Food is eaten with chopsticks in China. 2. It was decided to refer the problem to a committee. 3. When much material had been looked through and some problems had been solved, the article was published. 4. Electric cars will be widely used in future. 5. The radar has been used for automatic control of ground transport.

5. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов to do, to be, to have.
1.You have to come to the language laboratory as often as possible. 2. This material does not possess elastic properties. 3. The exam was to start in the morning. 4. These computers will have to perform millions of operations. 5. The speed of electrons is almost the same as that of light. 6. The kind of electrolyte used has no effect on the electromotive force. 7. Man has made numerous inventions to increase the range of radio and TV transmissions. 8. Our task is to buy all their equipment. 9. What kinds of operations does the modern computer perform? 10. Don't do it!

6. Трансформируйте следующие предложения в придаточные дополнительные, начав с фраз I knew, I thought, He said . Измените время глаголов-сказуемых в придаточных дополнительных в соответствии с правилами согласования времен. Произведите другие необходимые преобразования.
1. My friend was born in Moscow, and since that time he has been living there. 2. The goods that have been exported from Sweden are of high quality. 3. The books you need are in great demand everywhere. 4. The letter of congratulation was sent in advance, and they certainly have got it. 5. Various registers are interconnected. 6. Each storage location in the storage section is numbered, like post-office boxes. 7. We must get the samples. I admit the complexity of this. 8. Franklin didn’t know what electricity was, but he knew it could be passed through a metal wire. 9. A high level language is a language in which each instruction or statement corresponds to several machine code instructions. 10.The printers are used only as output units.

7. Перепишите следующий диалог с целью передачи чужих высказываний в косвенной речи сначала в настоящем времени (Например, Professor says that Alec’s answer was rather good and……), а затем в прошедшем (Например, Professor said that Alec’s answer had been rather good and……). Помните, что при передаче чужого высказывания в косвенной речи действует правило согласования времен, если косвенная речь вводится глаголом в прошедшем времени!
Professor: Your answer was rather good. Would you answer a few extra questions?
Alec: I’ll try.
Professor: What can the computer do with the information?
Alec: It can calculate, compare and copy the information stored in its memory.
Professor: What kinds of memory do you know?
Alec: RAM and ROM.
Professor: What is RAM?
Alec: RAM stands for Random Access Memory, because information can be transferred into and out of any single byte of memory.
Professor: And what does ROM stand for?
Alec: ROM is Read Only Memory. It is a firmmade permanent memory chip for program storage.
Professor: Good. Your answers are excellent.
Alec: Thank you, Professor. I’m pleased, as Programming has always been my favourite subject.

8. Передайте диалог, пересказанный в косвенной речи, в прямой речи.
When Alec and Bob met Alec said that he had some questions about the computer interface. So he wanted Bob to explain some aspects to him. Bob answered in the positive.
The first question Alec asked concerned the notion of an interface. He added that people often used the English equivalent of that term and seemed not to differentiate between the types of interfaces. Bob explained that the interface was an interconnection between hardware, software and people. When Alec inquired what hardware interface consisted of Bob told that that type of the interface consisted of physical channels, cables, or wires that connected and exchanged electronic signals between CPU and peripherals or between any two units.
Then Alec was interested to learn what software interfaces connected in particular and Bob told that they were specific messages established between programs. Alec remembered that software interfaces were application programs, Data Base Management Systems and the operating programs. He thanked Bob and added that he felt ready to pass his exam in programming successfully.

9. Сгруппируйте предложения в зависимости от функции герундия, а затем переведите на русский язык.
1. Casting is a process of forming metal objects. 2. Numerous methods have been developed for producing metal castings. 3. The test needed increasing the temperature of the metal. 4. There are some ways of obtaining high quality alloys. 5. Aluminum has a melting point of 658.7° C. 6. Melting may be done in cupolas, air furnaces, electric furnaces, etc. 7. Some metals require treatment before being placed in the melting furnace. 8. We know of electric furnaces being used for the production of high-grade castings. 9. Plastics are a new group of materials replacing natural products. 10. We know of Newton's having developed principles of mechanics.

10. Перепишите предложения. Переведите группы выделенных слов, а затем и все предложение на русский язык.
1. In building new metallurgical factories, engineers have to solve many different problems. 2. In melting steel, electric furnaces, crucible furnaces and converters are used. 3. Liquids and gases expand on heating. 4. On completing the construction, the machine was tested in operation. 5. Casting is a process of forming metal objects by melting metal and pouring it into molds. 6. By introducing new methods the engineers increased the speed of manufacture. 7. High-quality programs can't be produced without employing qualified programmers. 8. Magnets made by rubbing pieces of iron against natural magnets are called artificial magnets. 9. Scientists succeeded in developing means of obtaining a synthetic rubber. 10. The hardening process consists in heating steel and cooling it in water.

11. Сравните приводимые ниже предложения с инфинитивом и покажите разницу их структурных моделей через перевод.
1.To obtain steel of the desired quality is the main subject of the experiments carried out in the research laboratory. To obtain steel of the desired quality the research laboratory carried out a lot of experiments. 2. To develop a new method of cutting metals was necessary. To develop a new method of cutting metals the engineers made some interesting experiments. 3. To design new machine tools a mechanical engineer must study much. To design new machine tools is the task of a mechanical engineer

12. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык предложения с инфинитивом в функции определения.
1. Engineers must know the best and most economical materials to use and understand the properties of these materials and how they can be worked. 2. Another factor for the industrial engineer to consider is whether each manufacturing process can be automated in whole or in part. 3. The problem to be discussed at the conference is of great importance. 4. Much was done to make the work engineers easier. 5. Russian scientists were the first to synthesize diamonds. 6. The road to be built next year will connect these two towns.

13. Определите, является ли Ving форма причастием настоящего времени или герундием. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. While decoding was taking place, other parts of the control section were prepared for the following operation. 2. We can get a better idea of the use and operation of a computer by looking at an example. 3. Programming with machine language requires knowledge of the computer and its internal connections. 4. Assembly language programming is easier to use. 5. Everything we supply to the computer for processing must be converted into binary form. 6. The cells are arranged as groups, storing a number of bits together as a byte. 7. Obtaining a byte from storage and moving it to the control block is called the fetch part of the computation cycle. 8. Input to the register is called data, and is in the form of one binary digit following the other. 9. The register is capable of processing four bits. 10. The table accompanying Fig.1 will help follow data through the register.

14. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующий текст.
Computers may have a short history but prior to their development, there were many other ways of doing calculations. These calculations were done using devices that are still used today; the slide rule being a perfect example, not to mention the ten fingers of the hands. These machines, unlike computers, are non-electronic and were replaced by faster calculating devices. It wasn’t until the mid-1940s that the first digital computer was built. The post-war industrial boom saw the development of computers take shape. By the 1960s, computers were faster than their predecessors and semiconductors had replaced vacuum tubes only to be replaced in a few years by tiny integrated circuit boards. Due to microminiaturization in the 1970s, these circuits were etched onto wafer-thin rectangular pieces of silicon. This integrated circuitry is known as a chip and is used in microcomputers of all types.
It has been forecasted that exceptionally faster and smaller computers will replace those in use today.

Контрольная работа по английскому языку содержит 11-ть страниц А4, оформление word (присылаем на email файл word + pdf)

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них глагол-сказуемое, определите его время, вид и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Например: is based – Pr. Simple Passive
1.Only in a few cases it has been possible to prepare material and devices in which the theoretical performance has been realized. 2. Various kinds of amplifiers had been used by that time. 3. Recently, much attention has been given to the study of this phenomenon. 4.The speed with which arithmetic operations are performed is affected by a number of factors. 5.The risks of going into orbit round the Earth, of returning to Earth are incalculable – an entirely new degree of human courage has been demanded. 6. The Newton’s law of motion can be subjected to criticism. 7. Remember that promises must be kept. 8. The room ahs not been slept in for many years. 9. We were listened to with much surprise. 10. This task must have been started by our opponents.

2. Поставьте глагол-сказуемое в следующих предложениях в страдательном залоге, стараясь сохранить время.
1. ? has not found the lost child yet. 2. ? The letters will be ready in a few minutes. ? is typing them now. 3. You can't go into the sitting room. ? is painting the walls. 4. When the doctor called to see the baby, ? was feeding him.

3. Из данных слов постройте предложения. Глаголы в скобках поставьте в нужную форму страдательного залога.
1. was (to blow off) – my hat – the wind.
2. her birthday – any of her friends – wasn’t (to forget).
3. children – their grandparents – are often (to spoil).
4. she – in the library – every day – can be (to see).
5. next year – is (to invite) – to England – she – to come.

4. Трансформируйте предложения в активный залог, используя слова they, we, somebody в качестве подлежащего, где это необходимо.
1. It is known that he can show us how to calculate using the computer. 2. The experiments on the new microcomputer must be finished in a month. 3. The last word will be said by the judge. 4. Today plastics are being applied for car bodies (корпуса автомобилей). 5. The construction of the dam has been completed this month.

5. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов to do, to be, to have.
1. Men had to learn to obtain electric power directly from the Sun. 2. The engineers are to study the problem of using cosmic rays. 3. Soon our industry will have new and cheap sources of energy. 4. The term Integrated Circuit is used to describe a group of electronic elements connected together. 5.It is necessary to use film circuits where the ratio of passive to active devices is high. 6. Some of the properties, which we now associate with semiconductors, have been known for a century or more. 7. Tubes have to be replaced by transistors in amplifiers. 8. They will do their work in time. 9.Don't allow the children to play in the street. 10. Did you buy flowers?

6. Трансформируйте следующие предложения в придаточные дополнительные, начав с фраз I knew, I thought, He said . Измените время глаголов-сказуемых в придаточных дополнительных в соответствии с правилами согласования времен. Произведите другие необходимые преобразования.
1. If the weather is fine on Sunday, we shall go to the country. 2. His knowledge in English is quite satisfactory though he makes some grammar mistakes. 3. Faraday produced electricity through magnetism, which had never been done before. 4. Last month my colleague went abroad where he intended to stay for two weeks. 5. We must speed up the work. I understand the necessity of this. 6. Each line can be programmed for input or output. 7. Some substances are alike in their properties but differ in their mass. 8. I have to do a lot of work about the house: washing up, doing the flat, cooking are my duties. 9. The first international chess match was played over 100 years ago. 10. Much attention will be given to artificial intelligence techniques applicable to problem solving and to man-machine interface.

7. Перепишите следующий диалог с целью передачи чужих высказываний в косвенной речи сначала в настоящем времени (Например, Professor says that Alec’s answer was rather good and……), а затем в прошедшем (Например, Professor said that Alec’s answer had been rather good and……). Помните, что при передаче чужого высказывания в косвенной речи действует правило согласования времен, если косвенная речь вводится глаголом в прошедшем времени!
Professor: Your answer was rather good. Would you answer a few extra questions? Alec: I'll try.
Professor: You know, a chip is a miniaturized electronic circuit. What elements does it contain?
Alec: A chip contains several hundred thousand electronic components – transistors, resistors and others.
Professor: Are there any other terms, which are synonymous to chip?
Alec: Yes, there are. They are integrated circuits and microelectronics.
Professor: What types of chips can you describe?
Alec: Logic chips and Memory chips. Logic chips perform some or all the functions of a processor. Memory chips are storage cells.
Professor: May larger computers use several types of microprocessors?
Alec: Yes, of course. Even desk computers use one or more microprocessors.
Professor: Your answer is good so you get a five.
Alec: Thank you, Professor, good-bye.

8. Передайте диалог, пересказанный в косвенной речи, в прямой речи.
When Alec met his friend David he said that he was interested to know what a programming language was. He knew each computer had a repertoire of operations to perform. So he wanted David to explain him if the notions a “machine language” and a “programming language” were the same.
David agreed and began. He said that to perform a task a user must choose the appropriate instructions from the repertoire and sequence them properly. So the means of specifying the instructions and their sequencing was called the “programming language”.
Then Alec guessed that machine language was in reality a programming language and David said that his friend was quite right. He only emphasized that it was the lowest level programming language, the language of binary 1’s and 0’s. Alec remembered that computer hardware understood only a binary program but he wanted if there were any drawbacks to machine level coding.
David answered that the drawbacks were numerous. The most inconvenient thing about the machine level coding was that it took a long time to learn, write and debug. He added that errors would very likely occur and the most unpleasant thing was that corrections were difficult to make.
When Alec asked why Davis replied that the language itself was abstract and perhaps Assembly Language was easier in use. Alec thanked his friend and said he would have to go to the library and read some manual on programming languages.

9. Сгруппируйте предложения в зависимости от функции герундия, а затем переведите на русский язык.
1. Casting is a process of forming metal objects. 2. Numerous methods have been developed for producing metal castings. 3. The test needed increasing the temperature of the metal. 4. There are some ways of obtaining high quality alloys. 5. Aluminum has a melting point of 658.7° C. 6. Melting may be done in cupolas, air furnaces, electric furnaces, etc. 7. Some metals require treatment before being placed in the melting furnace. 8. We know of electric furnaces being used for the production of high-grade castings. 9. Plastics are a new group of materials replacing natural products. 10.We know of metallurgical industry having made a great progress.

10. Перепишите предложения. Переведите группы выделенных слов, а затем и все предложение на русский язык.
1. In building new metallurgical factories, engineers have to solve many different problems. 2. In melting steel, electric furnaces, crucible furnaces and converters are used. 3. Liquids and gases expand on heating. 4. On completing the construction, the machine was tested in operation. 5. Casting is a process of forming metal objects by melting metal and pouring it into molds. 6. By introducing new methods the engineers increased the speed of manufacture. 7. High-quality programs can't be produced without employing qualified programmers. 8. Magnets made by rubbing pieces of iron against natural magnets are called artificial magnets. 9. Scientists succeeded in developing means of obtaining a synthetic rubber. 10. The hardening process consists in heating steel and cooling it in water.

11. Сравните приводимые ниже предложения с инфинитивом и покажите разницу их структурных моделей через перевод.
1. To be an ideal engineer means to have knowledge, to improve one's ability to analyze, synthesize and develop insight into one's field. To be an ideal engineer one is to have knowledge, to improve one's ability to analyze, synthesize and develop insight into one's field. 2. To master a foreign language is necessary for all students. To master English you must work hard. 3. To measure temperature is quite simple. To measure temperature it is necessary to choose some kind of temperature scale.

12. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык предложения с инфинитивом в функции определения.
1. A. Popov was the first to invent the radio. 2. They were looking for а knife to cut bread with 3. The article to be read is of great interest to us. 4. The text to be translated described first experiments with electricity. 4. What method is to be chosen in this case? 5. The method to be chosen in any particular case depends on many factors. 6. New types of telemetry equipment to operate with electronic computer is the subject of our next scientific conference.

13. Определите, является ли Ving форма причастием настоящего времени или герундием. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Heating the gas increases the speed of the molecules. 2. Having made the experiment, the research engineer recorded the data. 3. Translating from one language to another we can use electronic dictionaries. 4. Translating from one language to another has been accomplished by a qualified engineer. 5. The failure was due to the operator’s having been careless in using the instrument. 6. Most applications requiring storage and manipulation of small amounts of digital information use registers. 7. The numbers must be carefully stored for arithmetic processing. 8. The home remote control system operates by transmitting coded information on the power lines running throughout the house. 9. The task is performed by starting with the first step in the program, then proceeding immediately to the next step. 10. Very soon the microprocessor will be integrating various energy sources for most efficient environmental control.

14. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующий текст.
There has long been an interest in language translation and, in particular, in the prospects of automatic translation by computer.
In the 1960s when the translation studies began, there was already considerable stirring among professional linguists and others about the efficiency of translation by computer or machine translation (MT). At that time different modes of translation were compared. That is, human translations against different versions of MT. Soon the researchers conducting the studies were able to add to their observations from the output of the latest MT system that had become operational. Within a year, they submitted a Russian paper for translation by the then operational MT system. Two characteristics of MT output are: 1) untranslated words and 2) translated words that have two or more meanings in the target language¹. An examination of the post-translation editing showed that many corrections had been made: each of the approximately 80 sentences had had some corrections and modifications, most of them being extensive. About 35% of the English words had been altered by the editor.
It would be unwise to conclude on a less-than-optimistic note. However, it is apparent that little progress has been made during recent years. There are no demonstrated advantages of MT over human translations. Other methods should be applied to determine the readability of translation. Researchers are now collecting such data.
¹the target language – зд. язык, на который делался перевод

Контрольная работа по английскому языку содержит 14-ть страниц А4, оформление word (присылаем на email файл word + pdf)

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них глагол-сказуемое, определите его время, вид и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Например: is based – Pr. Simple Passive
1.Compound semiconductors have been applied to a great extent. 2. The performance characteristics of amplifiers will have been altered. 3. The model has been modified and is now being used in many practical situations. 5. Magnetic amplifiers have been employed for some 50 years; transistors were reported upon in 1948. 5. The problem will be dealt with in the next chapter. 6. Which of the two operations is to be performed next? 7. Those who learn a foreign language must follow spelling and grammar rules. 8. They left before the hour of the next meeting has been agreed upon. 9. She was being laughed at by everybody. 10. They say that paper must have been invented in China.

2. Поставьте глагол-сказуемое в следующих предложениях в страдательном залоге, стараясь сохранить время.
1.? killed thirty people and ? injured (травмировать, получать увечье) 65 in that terrible accident. 2. ? hid the treasure in a place which no one could find. 3. ? can't learn a foreign language in a few days. 4. The dog was mad and ? had to shoot it.

3. Из данных слов постройте предложения. Глаголы в скобках поставьте в нужную форму страдательного залога.
1. a few students – was (to do) – this exercise – correctly.
2. this book – a very young author – was (to write).
3. is being (to make) – his new suit – a first-class tailor.
4. the sun rays – is (to give) - to us – heat.
5. alone – often – was (to leave) – the child – home.

4. Трансформируйте предложения в активный залог, используя слова they, we, somebody в качестве подлежащего, где это необходимо.
1. Harry wasn't punished at all. 2. The problem will be dealt with in the next chapter. 3. They knew that the reason had been explained to us. 5. Today plastics are being widely used instead of metals.

5. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов to do, to be, to have.
1. Don't come at 9 o'clock. 2. Did he do his work well? 3. The operators dealing with radioisotopes must have protective suits. 4. The engineers are to study the problem of using artificial intelligence. 5. We had to change the design of this machine. 6. There are two main classes of film and hybrid integrated circuits. 7. The transistors and diodes are widely used on monolithic integrated circuits because of the relatively small size. 8. The semiconductor may have a net positive electrostatic charge. 9. The pilots had to maintain direct radio contact between the planes. 10. A modern automatic digital computer does more than 100 mln operations in each second.

6. Трансформируйте следующие предложения в придаточные дополнительные, начав с фраз I knew, I thought, He said . Измените время глаголов-сказуемых в придаточных дополнительных в соответствии с правилами согласования времен. Произведите другие необходимые преобразования.
1. My foreign friends are going to send me an invitation for visiting Paris. 2. We can simplify this question. But there is no need for doing this. 3. A calculator is just any other electronic system, except that it uses digital electronics instead of analog electronics. 4. Everybody is going to attend the scientific conference, which is to be held in our city in May. 5. The TV program does not seem interesting and viewers cannot expect any positive changes in it. 6. He does not have to take a bus – he lives near the University. 7. The experiment has already been conducted, and scientists are pleased with the results. 8. It took him a lot of effort to complete the experiment in time. 9. Some of the most respected publications declared that a machine could never do anything that required thought. 10. How are directions to be expressed to the computer?

7. Перепишите следующий диалог с целью передачи чужих высказываний в косвенной речи сначала в настоящем времени (Например, Professor says that Alec’s answer was rather good and……), а затем в прошедшем (Например, Professor said that Alec’s answer had been rather good and……). Помните, что при передаче чужого высказывания в косвенной речи действует правило согласования времен, если косвенная речь вводится глаголом в прошедшем времени!
Professor: Your answer was rather good. Now I would like to ask you a few extra questions.
Alec: Yes, Professor. I'm ready.
Professor: What is an interface?
Alec: An interface is interconnection between hardware, software, and people.
Professor: That is right. Do you agree that there are hardware interfaces and software interfaces?
Alec: Yes, I do. There are also interfaces between people and computers. They are terminal screens and keyboards.
Professor: And what are hardware interfaces?
Alec: They are physical channels, cables, or wires. They connect and exchange electronic signals between the CPU and peripherals or between any two units.
Professor: And what about software interfaces? Can you give any example?
Alec: Software interfaces are application programs, Data Base Management Systems, communication programs, and the operating system.
Professor: And what are they?
Alec: They are specific messages established between programs.
Professor: Good. I like your answer. Your mark is a five.
Alec: Thank you, Professor. Good-bye.

8. Передайте диалог, пересказанный в косвенной речи, в прямой речи.
One day David met his friend John and asked him whether John knew something about translating machines. John replied that translating machines had been built many times but none of them, however, had done its job well enough. That was the reason why research on translating machines had gone continuously.
Then David said that one day he had seen a CD with some programs, which might help to translate from Russian into English.
John advised David not to waste money and time because all these programs were unable to produce intelligible translation. They merely substituted Russian words with English equivalents and did not analyze the relations between the words of each sentence.
David exclaimed that when translating so many logical processes were involved. He added that the machine must know much about grammar, and Russian grammar was so different from English.
John also said that the commonest problem was where a word could have more than one meaning. A human translator would know which meaning to choose from the context. But machines had been known to make the wrong choice because if a machine was to make usable translations, it itself must be able to extract some, at least, of the meaning of the text. So John concluded that such machines were much further off and recommended David to study English hard.

9. Сгруппируйте предложения в зависимости от функции герундия, а затем переведите на русский язык.
1. Casting is а process of forming metal objects. 2. Numerous methods have been developed for producing metal castings. 3. The test needed increasing the temperature of the metal. 4. There are some ways of obtaining high quality alloys. 5. Aluminum has a melting point of 658.7° C. 6. Melting may be done in cupolas, air furnaces, electric furnaces, etc. 7. Some metals require treatment before being placed in the melting furnace. 8. We know of electric finances being used for the production of high-grade castings. 9. Plastics are a new group of materials replacing natural products. 10. Mankind is interested in atomic energy being used only for peaceful purposes.

10. Перепишите предложения. Переведите группы выделенных слов, а затем и все предложение на русский язык.
1. In building new metallurgical factories, engineers have to solve many different problems. 2. In melting steel, electric furnaces, crucible furnaces and converters are used. 3. Liquids and gases expand on heating. 4. On completing the construction, the machine was tested in operation. 5. Casting is a process of forming metal objects by melting metal and pouring it into molds. 6. By introducing new methods the engineers increased the speed of manufacture. 7. High-quality programs can't be produced without employing qualified programmers. 8. Magnets made by rubbing pieces of iron against natural magnets are called artificial magnets. 9. Scientists succeeded in developing means of obtaining a synthetic rubber. 10. The hardening process consists in heating steel and cooling it in water.

11. Сравните приводимые ниже предложения с инфинитивом и покажите разницу их структурных моделей через перевод.
1.To explain this simple fact is not very easy. To explain this fact you must know certain rules. 2. To find the mass of the electron was then of prime importance. To use electric currents properly we must be able to detect and measure them. 3. To insulate is to surround a conductor with insulating material. To explain why the temperatures of the observed bodies are quite different one should refer to the laws of hydrodynamics.

12. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык предложения с инфинитивом в функции определения.
1. The instruments to be used in this experiment have been provided with filters. 2. Lomonosov was the first to discover that heat, light and electricity are different forms of movement. 3. The problem mentioned above and to be considered in this paper is concerned with new principles of computer design. 4. The problem to be studied can be simplified by the use of controlled experimental conditions. 5. Industrial robots to be built now perform certain tasks even better than the man. 6. Another factor for the industrial engineer to consider is whether each manufacturing process can be automated in whole or in part.

13. Определите, является ли Ving форма причастием настоящего времени или герундием. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. This can be illustrated by examining the memory chip. 2. Then a final process known as metalisation completes the chip, thus reducing the processing time for a new design by two-thirds. 3. For systems requiring lower performance there is a choice: choice of technology and choice of design. 4. The designers have aimed at gaining performance by reducing the complexity of the control logic. 5. Solving these complex equations may require a digital computer. 6. The advantages of the new equipment is functioning under wide changes of temperature and pressure. 7. This represents a set of programs concerned with displaying, analyzing, checking and simulating the design. 8. Nearly all components and interconnections for data-processing equipment are fabricated by automated printing techniques, with the information for the manufacturing data being in digital form. 9. When applying these two methods, consideration should be given to the physical phenomenon. 10. The automated landing system must ensure landing the passenger airplane at night.

14. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующий текст.
There are several advantages in making computers as small al possible. Sometimes weight is particularly important. A modern aircraft, for example, carries quite a load of electronic apparatus. If it is possible to make any of these smaller, and therefore lighter, the aircraft can carry a bigger load. This kind of consideration applies to space satellites and to all kinds of computers that have to be carried about.
But weight is not the only factor. The smaller the computer the faster it can work. The signals go to and from at a very high but almost constant speed. So if one can scale down all dimensions to, let us say, one tenth, the average lengths of the current paths will be reduced to one tenths. So, very roughly speaking, scaling down of all linear dimensions in the ration of one to ten also gives a valuable advantage, the speed of operation is scaled up to 10 times. Other techniques allow even further speed increase.
The increase of operation is a real advantage. Another advantage is that less power is required to run the computer. In space satellites this is an important matter. Another advantage is reliability. Mini-computers have been made possible by the development of integrated circuits. Repair of any kind is no longer needed. If one component circuit develops a fault, all that is needed is to locate the faulty unit, throw it away and plug in a new one.

Контрольная работа по английскому языку содержит 13-ть страниц А4, оформление word (присылаем на email файл word + pdf)

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите данные ниже предложения, учитывая особенности употребления сослагательного наклонения в английском языке:
1. I should help him with pleasure. 2. He would tell me the news. 3. I should read this novel too, but I can’t get it. 4. We should go to the country with you. 5. She would go abroad for a month, but she won’t be able to finish her experiments. 6. I should have gone to the country with you but I fell ill. 7. It is impossible that they should have done this. 8. It was desirable that he should come. 9. Tom insisted that we should come together. 10. He suggests that we should go to a restaurant. 11. Don’t sit in the draught lest you should catch cold. 12. I wish I were you. 13. I feel as if I were back seven years. 14. He wished he had not said these words.

2. Перепишите и письменно переведите данные предложения, содержащие придаточные условные. Определите тип условного предложения (реальное или нереальное условие):
1. If you intensify the process by heating the materials, you'll save a great deal of time. 2. If we fail to find the materials mentioned in the description, we shall try to use those available in the laboratory. 3. If we had any trouble with the equipment we were using in the tests, the engineer would always help us. 4. If the new materials such as plastics were applied in railway transport to a considerable extent, van and car bodies would have a long life and low costs of maintenance. 5. If the technician had given instructions we should have carried out the experiments successfully. 6. Had the students studied the English language well enough when they were at school, they would have been able to read any book without a dictionary. 7. If the same temperature is maintained all the time, we shall obtain the desired results. 8. If you applied this method, you would get better results. 9. If you had classified the data, fewer tests would have been needed. 10. Should you ask me what the advantages of plastics are I shall begin with those of their properties?

3. Употребите нужную форму сослагательного наклонения в придаточном предложении:
1. I shouldn't have believed it if I ………….it with my own eyes.
a) didn’t see
b) haven’t seen
c) hadn’t seen
2. He might have understood it if you …………slowly.
a) have spoken
b) had spoken
c) would speak
3. He would take me with him if I ……………ready.
a) were
b) had been
c) should be
4. The newspaper would print the story if it …………….true.
a) were
b) had been
c) was

4. Употребите нужную форму сослагательного наклонения в главном предложении:
1. If I had known that you were in hospital I ………………you.
a) shall visit
b) should visit
c) should have visited
2. If I knew that the traffic lights were red I …………………. .
a) would have stopped
b) would stop
c) should stop
3. If you had obeyed my instructions you …………… into trouble.
a) wouldn't get
b) wouldn't have got
c) couldn't get
4. If I hadn't been wearing tight shoes I ………….the bus quite easily.
a) should catch
b) should have caught
c) caught

5. Поставьте глагол в скобках в нужную форму сослагательного наклонения:
1. If you (to bring) me a book, I (to read) it. 2. If he (not to ring) me up, I (not to come). 3. If he (not to write) to me, I (not to answer) him. 4. If I (to be) you, I (to apologize) to her. 5. If he (to be in), he (to answer) the phone. 6. I (not to take) your umbrella if I (to know) that it was the only one you had. 7. He (to be) the best pupil in the class if he (to work) harder. 8. We (to stay) at home if we (to know) he was coming. 9. If I (to know) they were in town, I (to invite) them to dinner. 10. It (to be) fun to go to the park, if it (to be) a nicer day.

6. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, принимая во внимание многозначность английских глаголов should и would:
1. The workers insisted that the new method should be introduced without delay. 2. I thought that I should meet you in the laboratory. 3. We should meet today or tomorrow to discuss some of the common problems. 4. Should we have any trouble with the machine, we may ask the engineer to give instructions to us. 5. I believed that we should double the output after having introduced new machine tools. 6. I thought it would be difficult to avoid the motor overheating. 7. It would be difficult to avoid the overheating of the motor without introducing an effective cooling system. 8. If we began the work immediately, it would be finished by the end of the day. 9. I remember when I was at school I had a motorbike and I would spend hours overhauling it. 10. If the motor wouldn’t start in spite of all that, I would ask my father to help me and he would locate the trouble in no time.

7. Перепишите и письменно переведите данные ниже предложения, учитывая особенности перевода зависимого и независимого причастного оборота:
1. When calculating the weight of a body, we have to multiply its specific gravity by its volume. 2. While working at his new computer, the inventor made numerous improvements. 3. When translating some new text he used to write out all new words. 4. An electron computer forms an impressively complex device, when viewed as a whole. 5. When using a controller on a modern military aircraft, it can perform automatic testing of aircraft equipment. 6. Other conditions being equal, iron heats up faster than aluminum. 7. Personal computers being used for many purposes, scientists go on improving their characteristics. 8. There were some reports concerning electric waves at the Congress of 1896, Popov’s report of the new type of communication being the center of attention. 9. The machines arriving to day, we shall proceed to mount them. 10. The new instrument being designed in our laboratory will be used in radio engineering research. 11. The box is then turned, with its lid being gradually raised. 12. My father, being an engineer himself, was very pleased when he heard me speaking to my schoolmates about the methods of making various kinds of steel.

8. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, принимая во внимание, что инфинитив в конструкциях Complex Object и Complex Subject часто соответствует придаточным предложениям в русском языке:
A. 1. We expect this discovery to produce great changes in the field of electronics. 2. We want this machinery to be utilized to 80 % of its capacity. 3. He assumed the vacuum tubes to have been made of all sizes. 4. The engineer wants this new computer to be tested under very severe conditions. 5. Many people believe computers to be able to solve problems yet unsolved. 6. We observe the precision required during processing be constant. 7. The test has shown the system to be oriented principally to general business and industrial data processing. 8. The scientist believes a microcomputer system designed for severe-environment industrial application to have been constructed.
B. 1. The use of mercury in thermometers appears to have been first mentioned in the middle of the 18th century. 2. The rocket is known to be an engine, which propels itself by using liquids as fuel. 3. Every educated person is supposed to know Newton’s Third Law “For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction”. 4. The human beings seem not to be able to add or multiply without using auxiliary devices such as pencil and paper. 5. The first stage appears to have taken almost a month to complete. 6. A party to investigate the local materials available for construction is expected to submit its report by the first of March. 7. These devices are considered to be very effective. 8. These changes are expected to take place due to the Earth magnetism.

9. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие конструкции с герундием:
1. They heard of the 8.30 train having left some minutes before. 2. I remember this weapon having been mentioned in the history of the First World War. 3. He mentioned his having tested this particular material for strength with entirely satisfactory results. 5. We know of his having been instructed to find a satisfactory substitute for copper. 6. The engineer insisted on plywood being used instead of metal for some parts of the car. 7. I can’t help his confiding his troubles on me. 8. She was displeased with her daughter’s having accepted the invitation.

10. Перепишите следующие сложноподчиненные предложения, подчеркните в них придаточные и укажите, являются ли они дополнительными (Д) или определительными (О):
1. In this case we can suppose that a molecule consists of two equal atoms. 2. Perhaps, the most important uses of radar are those that give greater reliability to sea and air travel. 3. It is necessary to know whether or not the molecules can still rotate freely in the crystal at the lowest temperature. 4. The asymmetry we observe indicates that the electrons strike the plate with a tendency to spin to the right rather than to the left. 5. The latest investigations show how this deflection system works. 6. It is interesting to know if this circuit is a low-level noise device. 7. The computer, which can utilize both analog and digital data is called hybrid computer.

11. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык приводимый ниже текст
Computers may have a short history but prior to their development, there were many other ways of doing calculations. These calculations were done using devices, which are still used today; the slide rule being a perfect example, not to mention the ten fingers of the hands. These machines, unlike computers, are non-electronic and were replaced by faster calculating devices. It wasn’t until the mid-1940s that the first digital computer was built. The post-war industrial boom saw the development of computers take shape. By the 1960s, computers were faster than their predecessors and semiconductors had replaced vacuum tubes only to be replaced in a few years by tiny integrated circuit boards. Due to microminiaturization in the 1970s, these circuits were etched onto wafer-thin rectangular pieces of silicon. This integrated circuitry is known as a chip and is used in microcomputers of all kinds.
It has been forecasted that exceptionally faster and smaller computers will replace those in use today.

Контрольная работа по английскому языку содержит 14-ть страниц А4, оформление word (присылаем на email файл word + pdf)

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите данные ниже предложения, учитывая особенности употребления сослагательного наклонения в английском языке:
1. I should gladly do this work instead of you. 2. Our students would take part in the forthcoming conference. 3. I think he would visit this exhibition. 4. He would inform you of it, but he’ll be busy the whole week. 5. We know this film would be a success abroad. 6. I should have come to see him. 7. The doctor demanded that the patient should stay in bed for some more days. 8. It was necessary that we should do it at once. 9. She suggests that we should come to see him tonight. 10. Put down my address lest you should forget it. 11. They insisted that he should make a report about the results of his investigation. 12. He speaks English as if he had lived in England all his life. 13. She wishes she were understood by everybody. 14. She feels as though she were guilty in everything happened.

2. Перепишите и письменно переведите данные предложения, содержащие придаточные условные. Определите тип условного предложения (реальное или нереальное условие):
1. Pilots and technicians can perform their duties better if they know the characteristics and limitations of an airplane. 2. If such a computer system were introduced, most requirements would be satisfied. 3. If the computer systems endowed with artificial intelligence were developed, they would be able to think like humans and improve their performance on the basis of experience. 4. Had the wall thickness been 0.025 instead of 0.25 in., the first natural frequency would have been 14 Hz instead of 140 Hz. 5. If the metal surface of the cathode is chemically and physically clean, the discharged atoms of copper will be deposited within normal interatomic spacing of the atom of the basic metal. 6. Had they introduced new devices, they wouldn’t have had any trouble with the equipment. 7. Aeronautical engineering would have taken a very different course, had aluminum alloys with suitable properties not been developed. 8. The pilot could perform his duties better if he knew all the characteristics and limitations of an airplane. 9. All computers must have access to the outside world if they are to do useful work. 10. If an applied voltage of one volt produced a current of one ampere, the resistance would be one ohm.

3. Употребите нужную форму сослагательного наклонения в придаточном предложении:
1. He would have participated in the conference if he ……………ill.
a) didn't fall
b) wouldn’t fall
c) hadn’t fallen
2. If I ……….. school this year, I should enter the physics department of the University.
a) shall finish
b) finished
c) have finished
3. He would translate this paper without any difficulty if you ……..him a dictionary.
a) will give
b) have given
c) gave
4. If I …………busy, I should have visited the exhibition.
a) were not
b) haven't been
c) hadn't been

4. Употребите нужную форму сослагательного наклонения в главном предложении:
1. She …………glad if you called her tomorrow.
a) will be
b) would be
c) should be
2. I…………..you as I promised to do, if I had not lost your inviting card with your telephone number.
a) called
b) would call
c) should have called
3. If he had a lot of money, he ………………..a Mercedes.
a) will buy
b) would buy
c) had bought
4. If you hadn't been late for the lecture, you ……………this information.
a) would hear
b) would have heard
c) should have heard

5. Поставьте глагол в скобках в нужную форму сослагательного наклонения:
1. If I (to be) you, I (to listen) to some good advice. 2. I (to read) the book long ago if I (to borrow) it from the library, but the book was not available. 3. If the weather (to be) fine, she (to join) us and (to go) to the country next Sunday. 4. The experiment (to give) good results if we (not to use) the old method of testing. Next time, let us make it again under different conditions. 5. I (to come) to the party if I (to be informed) of it in advance. 6. David is overweight. If he (not to eat) too much for his supper, he (not to gain) his weight. 7. I cannot call him so often. If I (to be acquainted) with him, I (not to feel) awkward about doing it. 8. If I (to have) a car, I (to drive) it carefully. 9. Why didn’t you come to the railway station to see him off? – I did not know of his leaving for Moscow. If I (to know), I (to come). 10. He (to have a rest) in Florida if he (to buy) a cottage on Miami Beach. We’ll live and see, maybe he will buy a house there.

6. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, принимая во внимание многозначность английских глаголов should и would:
1. He should understand the operation of a transistor. 2. It is necessary that the instrument should be sensitive. 3. If the Earth were perfectly spherical, it would be much easier to compute satellite orbits. 4. The experiment requires that all measurements should be accurate. 5. Without electronic computers it would be very difficult to observe man-made satellites. 6. We assumed that certain processes would take place instantaneously in the vicinity of a junction. 7. If we became familiar with the mechanism of charges transitions, we should understand the operation of a junction diode. 8. Some years ago pilots would fly only in good weather. 9. It should be mentioned that many physical and chemical processes result in the emission of light. 10. I should prepare everything necessary for the experiment.

7. Перепишите и письменно переведите данные ниже предложения, учитывая особенности перевода зависимого и независимого причастного оборота:
1. The temperature being increased, the resistivity of the semiconductor decreases. 2. The students were heard speaking about the results of their last test. 3. All the necessary preparations having been done, the lab technician began testing the operating parameters of a radio receiver. 4. Having been asked for such a book, the librarian promised to look for it. 5. When working in the laboratory, the engineer obtained very important data for his investigation. 6. When being in motion, the motor rotates the disk. 7. With pure aluminum having a comparatively low strength, duralumin is generally used in the aircraft industry. 8. The acid tank was made of steel, lead having been used as a lining. 9. The demands for instant data growing, the use of electronic computer systems increases. 10. A great number of operations are available with Pascal, bit manipulation being one of them. 11. Computers handling large amounts of information rapidly and accurately, the future of the world may be described in a very short phrase “computer and change”. 12. We can widely use computers to give the automatic solution, quite a little probability of error being possible.

8. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, принимая во внимание, что инфинитив в конструкциях Complex Object и Complex Subject часто соответствует придаточным предложениям в русском языке:
A. 1. One cannot expect the computer to think like a human being. 2. We need a signal to detect the direction of data flow because we want the computer to receive as well as transmit data. 3. We know the market for instrumentation, both analog and digital, to grow at a rapid rate. 4. One can watch more and more people move into biology from other areas of research. 5. We know electron to travel from the cathode to the anode. 6. New techniques allowed the properties of this substance to be changed. 7. Newton considered momentum to be the measure of quantity of motion. 8. Science has shown the electron to be a peculiar combination of mass and electrical charge.
B. 1. All the students are supposed to know Newton's law of mechanics. 2. The results of the tests have been found to be interesting. 3. Solar cells are known to find application in space flights. 4. This substance may be assumed to be compound. 5. He seems to know a great deal about the history of radio engineering. 6. These two scientists happened to work at the same problem. 7. The computing center is reported to maintain extensive scientific contacts with other institutes and organizations. 8. Semiconductors are known to have a crystalline structure.

9. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие конструкции с герундием:
1. Her father will never give her consent to her marrying such a young man. 2. Everything depends on his being admitted to the conference. 3. Mme Curie’s having discovered radium enabled her to isolate radioactive elements. 4. Hardly a day passed without their thinking of a visit to the Russian Museum. 5. Don’t mind my saying it. It’s not a criticism. 6. It was one of the reasons for her cooking in the evenings like this, alone in the neat, silent apartment. 7. This will lead to avoiding us. 8. I disliked the idea of Uncle Percy’s going to London without me.

10. Перепишите следующие сложноподчиненные предложения, подчеркните в них придаточные и укажите, являются ли они дополнительными (Д) или определительными (О):
1. The emission from an X-ray tube of the kind we have described consists largely of continuous radiation. 2. We know this type of cathode has greater emission efficiency. 3. These three factors we have spoken about are the tube characteristics. 4. The design we used will cause an increase in collector current. 5. We know the germanium use in those rectifiers is not completely pure. 6. The paper he has read concerns crystals. 7. Professor asked us what we thought of this new method of calculation.

11. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык приводимый ниже текст
Unlike children computers do exactly what they are told. This may sound like a good thing, especially to those who are about to use computers for the first time. But a bit of experience, with computers or even with children, is enough to demonstrate otherwise.
Having a child do exactly what you say is not the same as having a child do exactly what you mean. Most of us have experience impish children who respond to instructions by choosing the most literal interpretation. You tell them to jump into bed and they do, nearly breaking the springs. The first few times a child does this sort of thing, it’s cute. Thereafter, it’s annoying and frustrating.
It’s ironic but true that the computer’s strict obedience to instructions is a constant source of frustration. The main reason is that your instructions don’t always correspond to your intentions, but the computer goes right ahead and follows your instructions exactly. The result? Perhaps a cryptic error message, perhaps damaged information, perhaps a system crash.

Контрольная работа по английскому языку содержит 12-ть страниц А4, оформление word (присылаем на email файл word + pdf)

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите данные ниже предложения, учитывая особенности употребления сослагательного наклонения в английском языке:
1. The scientists would test the equipment together with the representatives of the plant. 2. The delegation would arrive tomorrow but the weather is not good. 3. I should get in touch with him, but I am not sure if he has come back. 4. They would telephone hem more often and he would tell them the news. 5. We had to take a taxi lest we should be late for the performance. 6. It was important that he should make a report. 7. The father ordered that Peter should stay at home. 8. It is unusual that they should have forgotten to post the letter. 9. My parents suggest that I should spend the summer at the seaside. 10. He pretended to be ill lest he should participate in the conference. 11. He speaks English as if he were a foreigner. 12. He looks as though he had known it before. 14. We were going to the country and we wished the weather were fine.

2. Перепишите и письменно переведите данные предложения, содержащие придаточные условные. Определите тип условного предложения (реальное или нереальное условие):
1. The computer must be instructed in the program what to do if the answer of an intermediate calculation becomes zero. 2. If the values of current were known, the difference between hot and cold junctions could be calibrated on a meter scale. 3. Provided conduction for a lesser period of time were desired to satisfy a circuit requirements, a higher potential would be impressed on the control grid. 4. If life existed on Venus, we should know this. 5. Even if one of the engines had failed, the plane would have been able to continue the flight safely. 6. Could the acid be purified, the reaction would take place. 7. If the experiments start in time, the results will be by no means satisfactory. 8. Unless computer technology had been developed, space research would have never made such great progress. 9. The accuracy of the system would be considerably improved if signals were transmitted on two or more frequencies simultaneously. 10. If you are my friend, you’ll help me with my exam in Physics.

3. Употребите нужную форму сослагательного наклонения в придаточном предложении:
1. If the weather…………..fine, they would go to the forest for mushrooms next week-end.
a) will be
b) has been
c) were
2. Larry would write him, if he ………..his address.
a) has known
b) knew
c) knows
3. If he…………..more spare time, he might have helped us.
a) had
b) has had
c) had had
4. If he …….a warm coat yesterday, he wouldn't have caught cold.
a) put on
b) had put on
c) should put on

4. Употребите нужную форму сослагательного наклонения в главном предложении:
1. If he had realized the danger, he ………………away.
a) would run
b) would have run
c) had run
2. If George went to the party, he …………….Bell there.
a) would see
b) will see
c) saw
3. Matthew ……………..the children alone for too long if it hadn't been so necessary to see the doctor.
a) hadn't left
b) wouldn't leave
c) wouldn't have left
4. Phil ……….if he had more money.
a) will travel
b) would travel
c) would have travelled

5. Поставьте глагол в скобках в нужную форму сослагательного наклонения: 1. If you (to go) and (to live) in that country, you (to find) easier to learn the language. 2. If it (not to cost) so much she (to buy) that dress. 3. If I (to be) you, I (to do) this work yesterday. 4. If Bob (to know) she was here he (to tell) her everything. 5. If we (not to waste) so much energy, our resources (to last) longer. 6. Joan (to send) the telex if the manager (to ask) her to do it. 7. I (not to be) late for work yesterday if I (to have) an early night the day before yesterday. 8. If jack (to buy) the car earlier, it (to cost) less than now. 9. If I (to know) that it was going to rain, I (to take) an umbrella. 10.Just imagine what the world (to be) like if we (not to have) electricity!

6. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, принимая во внимание многозначность английских глаголов should и would:
1.It is desirable that the arrangement of instruments should be as compact as possible. 2. The scientists suggested that the thickness of the wing should be moderate. 3. Should the atom gain an excessive electron, the problem would be solved. 4. The earliest experiments in the air showed that success would be achieved. 5. At the moment this class of instruments is mainly used in laboratory, but in future it should find use in industry. 6. Air is a medium through which sound travels, without it there would be no sound. 7. It should be emphasized that progress is made by people. 8. Magnetic measurements near or on asteroids would have been of value. 9. Early planes would carry only a pilot. 10. Reliability would be much higher if better circuits were employed.

7. Перепишите и письменно переведите данные ниже предложения, учитывая особенности перевода зависимого и независимого причастного оборота:
1. Any numerical problem being solved, the digital computer has become a significant instrument in our days. 2. A lot of information being delivered, some form of “memory” must be provided. 3. New computers are rapidly developed, digital computers being among the most widely spread. 4. Some mathematical problems being solved, we have to substitute the numbers for letters in formulas. 5. When falling, the more massive bodies have more inertia to overcome. 6. When using a computer, we can perform any information-processing task. 7. For systems requiring lower performance there is a choice: a choice of technology and a choice of design. 8. The rate of change of silicon technology is so fast that making a choice is like trying to hit a moving target; the parameters are continually but predictably changing with the technology advancing all the time. 9. Nearly all components and interconnections for data-processing equipment are fabricated by automated printing techniques, with the information for the manufacturing data being in digital form. 10. While used, precision instruments require very delicate handling. 11. There are several different types of mixtures, some being homogeneous and others heterogeneous. 12. The experiments having been carried out, we started new investigation.

8. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, принимая во внимание, что инфинитив в конструкциях Complex Object и Complex Subject часто соответствует придаточным предложениям в русском языке:
A. 1. We believe these rectifiers to have been provided with filters. 2. These substances cause the composition of the liquid to be changed. 3. Friction caused the body to stop. 4. He assumed these vacuum tubes to have been tested under severe conditions. 5. The engineers consider most tubes of this type to use mercury vapour as the gas. 6. The ancients thought electricity to be an invisible fluid. 7. I want him to compare the results of his experiments on sensitivity of instruments. 8. We suppose them to know the fundamental laws of electricity.
B. 1. Computing machines in general are expected to perform arithmetic operations. 2. A computer is said to be universal or general purpose when it can be programmed to solve a wide variety of problems. 3. Copper wire is knows to be highly durable under ordinary atmospheric conditions. 4. The methods described below are thought to be of interest. 5. The weather is likely to change tomorrow. 6. He is certain to make a good report at the conference, as he has read a lot of technical journals. 7. The charge in the nucleus was found to be proportional to the atomic weight of each element. 8. Modern computers are believed to have storage capacities for hundreds of thousands numbers.

9. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие конструкции с герундием:
1. I said something about it being a bit late. 2. I can remember him teaching me to swim. 3. The fact that she was young didn’t seem to be any excuse at all for her not being like other women. 4. I cannot remember my father having talked of the book. 5. It was one of the reasons for my not having definitely refused the offer. 6. Also there was a possibility of your running into Ann. 7. Do you mind me asking you about work? 8. The next moment I was conscious of James shaking my hand.

10. Перепишите следующие сложноподчиненные предложения, подчеркните в них придаточные и укажите, являются ли они дополнительными (Д) или определительными (О):
1. We may expect a short circuit results in wire fault and cable fault. 2. The device involving diodes is limited in the variety of functions it can produce. 3. We know the current is a path of an electric current. 4. The method you have described has some advantages. 5. We learned quite recently the instrument was not of the highest quality. 6. Some of the properties, which we now associate with semiconductors, have been known for a century or more. 7. Some of the main reasons for the growth of integrated circuits are that they are small and light, more reliable than discrete circuits, have fewer connections, can be mass-produced and therefore are cheap.

11. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык приводимый ниже текст
Expert systems technology is in its infancy, emerging from the new and expanding field of Artificial Intelligence (AI). There are two contrasting views of AI. One, the theoretical viewpoint, is concerned with understanding how computers can be developed to perceive and understand to the level of human ability. The other, the engineering viewpoint, is concerned with developing computers that can demonstrate human ability without requiring theoretical foundation. Just as it was possible to construct bridges before a science of mechanics was well developed, so too it is possible to develop intelligent systems that can contribute to problem solving and decision making before a comprehensive theoretical foundation has been developed.
The major AI areas mirror human abilities: locomotion and manipulatory skills in robotics; communication skills in natural language and speech; the ability to distinguish and recognize images in vision, and problem solving skills in expert systems.
AI techniques used can be classified into several areas: knowledge representation and processing, learning techniques, planning strategies and the user interface.