Иностранный язык

Санкт-Петербургский государственный аграрный университет
Министерство сельского хозяйства РФ
Кафедра иностранных языков
Методические указания к контрольным заданиям
для студентов агробиологических и агроинженерных направлений
заочной формы обучения
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Санкт-Петербург
2010

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Готовы следующие варианты:

К.р.1_Вариант 2

THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. It occupies about one-seventh of the earth's surface. It covers the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia. Its total area is about 17 million square kilometres. The country is washed by 12 seas of 3 oceans: the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic. Russia borders on many countries.
So great variety of scenery and vegetation can be found here. We have steppes in the south, plains and forests in the midland, tundra and taiga in the north, highlands and deserts in the east.
There are two great plains in Russia: the Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Lowland. There are several mountain chains on the territory of the country: the Urals, the Caucasus, the Altai and others. There are over two million rivers in Russia. Europe's biggest river, the Volga, flows into the Caspian Sea. The main Siberian rivers — the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena.
Russia is rich in beautiful lakes. The world's deepest lake (1,600 metres) is Lake Baikal Russia has one-sixth of the world's forests. They are concentrated in the European north of the country, in Siberia and in the Far East. On the vast territory of the country there are various types of climate, from arctic in the north to subtropical in the south. In the middle of the country the climate is temperate and continental. Russia is very rich in oil, coal, iron, natural gas, copper, nickel and other mineral resources.
Moscow is the capital of Russia, its political, economic, commercial and cultural centre. It was founded 8 centuries ago by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Now Moscow is one of the largest cities in Europe. Its total area is about nine hundred square kilometres. The population of the city is over 8 million. Moscow is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. The heart of Moscow is Red Square. There are a lot of beautiful palaces, old mansions, museums, theatres, cathedrals, churches and monuments in Moscow. According to the Constitution, which was adopted by national referendum on 12 December 1991, Russia is a federation. The President is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government. The Russian Federation is fundamentally structured as a representative democracy.
The federal government is composed of three branches: Legislative, Executive and Judiciary.
Legislative: The Federal Assembly is made up of the State Duma and the Federation Council. It adopts federal law, declares war, approves treaties, and has power of impeachment, by which it can remove the President. Executive: The president is the commander-in-chief of the military, can veto legislative bills before they become law, and appoints the Cabinet and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies. Judiciary: The Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, Supreme Court of Arbitration and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the president, interpret laws and can overturn laws they deem unconstitutional.
Leading political parties in Russia include United Russia, the Communist Party, the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, and Fair Russia.

Notes:
to occupy – занимать
surface – поверхность
total area – общая площадь
to wash – омывать
to border – граничить с
variety – разнообразие, множество
scenery – пейзаж, ландшафт
vast territory – обширная территория
head of state – глава государства
Legislative – законодательная
Executive – исполнительная
Judicial – судебная

Questions:
1. Where is the Russian Federation situated?
2. What is the total area of the country?
3. What mineral resources is the Russian Federation rich in?
4. What is the climate like in Russia?
5. When was Moscow founded?

Дата выполнения: 26/03/2013

К.р.1_Вариант 3

THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE OF GREAT BRITAIN
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the UK) is the official name of the state which is situated in the British Isles. Thus, "Great Britain" is often the same as "Britain", or "the United Kingdom", or just "UK". It consists of four countries which are England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. You can see them on the map. Their capitals are London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast. The UK is an island state. The two main islands are Great Britain (where England, Scotland and Wales are situated) and Ireland. Northern Ireland and the independent Irish Republic are there. The two is lands are separated by the Irish Sea.
The UK is also washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the north and the North Sea in the east.
Everyone who was born in Britain is British. People from England are English. People from Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland are not English. They are Scottish or the Scotts Welsh and Irish. People from Scotland and Wales don't like it when they are called English.
More than 56 million people live in Britain. Many of them live in big industrial cities like London, Manchester and Liverpool, for example, are big industrial cities in the centre of England. But foreigners are often surprised by the fact that much of land in Britain is open country. There are many lonely hills, quiet rivers, deep lakes and just farmlands especially in the south of the country.
Everyone in Britain speaks English. But in some parts of Scotland and Wales people speak different languages as well. The Welsh are especially proud of their language. They like to speak Welsh, to sing songs in Welsh and when you travel you can see road signs in Welsh all over Wales.
Everyone in the UK speaks English but they all speak it differently. A Scottish person has to listen carefully if he wants to understand a Londoner or a Welsh person. As you know, the flag of the United Kingdom is known as the Union Jack. It is made up of three crosses: the cross of St. George (the patron saint of England), the cross of St. Andrew (the patron saint of Scotland) and the cross of St. Patrick (the patron saint of Ireland).
It is rather difficult to understand the British way of ruling the country. In Britain the Queen is the Head of State, but in fact she doesn't rule the country as she has no power. The Queen is a symbol of the country history and its traditions. She is very rich. She travels about the United Kingdom meets different people and visits schools, hospitals and other special places. So do all the members of the Royal family: the Queen's husband, her son Prince Charles the Queen daughter Princess Anna, and Princess Margaret.
At the beginning of the century many countries all over the world were ruled by Britain. All of them were included into the British Empire and were its colonies. India, Pakistan, Ceylon, for example, were among them. Now these countries are independent states. But in 1949 Britain and the former colonies founded the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth includes many countries such as Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and others. The Queen of Great Britain is also the Head of Commonwealth and the queen of Canada, Australia, New Zealand.
The real power in the country belongs to the British Parliament and to the British Government. The British Parliament has two 'houses': the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords doesn't have much power but it is very important as it can offer and change laws, it can delay laws too. The House of Commons makes laws about the policy of the country, taxes and many other things.
The members of the House of Lords are not elected. These members are permanent. They are often aristocrats, peopled the church, lawyers and former politicians. The members of the House of Commons are elected. The British people elect 650 members of the House of Commons every five years.

Notes:
the Welsh – валлийцы (жители Уэльса)
Welsh (the Welsh language) – валлийский язык (язык Уэльса)
the patron sa int – святой покровитель
His Majesty – Его Величество
Commonwealth – Содружество наций
the House of Lords – палата лордов
the House of Commons – палата общин
taxes – налоги

Questions:
1. Where is the UK situated?
2. Why do you think the UK is called "an island state"?
3. What other country is situated on the British Isles?
4. What languages are spoken in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland?
5. How many people live in Britain?
6. What is the Union Jack? What do you know about it?
7. Who is the Head of State in Britain?
8. Does the Queen rule the country?
9. What does the Queen do?
10. What do you know about the Royal family?
11. What countries were included into the British Empire at the beginning of the century?

Дата выполнения: 26/03/2013

К.р.1_Вариант 4

The United States of America
The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world after Russia, Canada and China. It occupies the central part of the North American continent.
The United States of America is a federal republic, consisting of 50 states. The country is washed by 3 oceans: the Arctic, the Atlantic and the Pacific. The country has many lakes. There are also many rivers on the US territory. The longest of them are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Columbia, the Rio Grande and some other. On the US territory there are mountains and lowlands.
The climate conditions are rather different. The country is rich in natural and mineral resources: oil, gas, iron ore, coal and various metals. The USA is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country. The main industrial branches are aircraft, rocket, automobile, electronics, radio engineering.
Americans are made up from nearly all nations and races. The country population is over 250 million. The national symbol of the USA is its national flag “Stars and Stripes”, having 50 white stars and 13 white and red stripes on its field, symbolizing the number of the original states.
The United States of America is federal state, headed by the President. According to the US Constitution the powers of the Government are divided in to 3 branches: Legislative, Executive and Judicial.
The Legislative power belongs to the Congress, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate represents the states while the House of the Representatives – the population. The Executive power belongs to the President and his Administration (Vice-President and Cabinet of Ministers). The Judicial power belongs to the Supreme Court and the system of Federal, State and District courts.
There are several political parties in the USA, the largest of them are the Republican (symbolized by a donkey) and the Democratic (symbolized by an elephant).

Notes:
1 branch- ветвь власти
2 Legislative- законодательная
3 Executive- исполнительная
4 Judicial- судебная
5 House of Representatives- Палата представителей

Questions:
1.How many states does the USA include?
2.What oceans is the USA washed by?
3.What are the main industrial branches?
4.How many branches of power are there in the USA according to the US Constitution?
5.What political parties are there in the USA?

Дата выполнения: 06/05/2013

К.р.1_Вариант 5

NEW YORK
New York is a city where all the languages of the world are spoken and where people live on the ground, travel under the ground and work in the sky. New York makes a great impression on all visitors because of its many high buildings, its theatres, museums and hotels, its beautiful bridges, and its expensive shops with their fabulous prices. The first permanent white settlers came to New York from Holland in 1626. These Dutch settlers bought all of Manhattan Island from the Indians for the equivalent of twenty-five dollars, while today some of this land costs a million dollars an acre. This island is the heart of the city.
It is on Manhattan Island where most of the skyscrapers are located. This island is connected by six long bridges, as well as by tunnels and ferries, with the other four districts that constitute New York City. New York is the largest city in the United States. Today there are more people living in the New York City than in Australia, Peru or Sweden.
For transportation New York depends mainly on buses, the subway, taxis and ferries. The buses are slow because of the crowded streets, whereas the subway train can go as fast as railroad trains, sometimes stopping only at the most important stations.
We may go all day by the subway for the same rare, if we only change trains but do not go out of the stations.
New York moves vertically as well as horizontally, taking its people by elevator to their offices on the fortieth, sixtieth, and eightieth floor. New York is the richest and the poorest, the most modern and the most oldfashioned of cities, with expensive hotels and cheap boarding houses, the home of symphonies and popular jazz clubs, cathedrals and night clubs; the home of the famous Metropolitan Opera and the Metropolitan Museum of Art; the home of most of the largest publishing houses of the United States and the biggest newspapers. On the Fifth Avenue there are many expensive stores of international fame, but around the comer one may find little shops where imitation diamonds and cheap souvenirs are sold.

Notes:
1 great impression-сильное впечатление
2 fabulous- невероятный
3 settlers- поселенцы
4 Manhattan Island- остров Манхаттан
5 ferries- паромы
6 depends on —зависит от
7 old-fashioned-старомодный
8 cathedrals-соборы

Questions:
1. What kind of city is New York?
2. When and where did the first white settlers come from?
3. Where are the most skyscrapers located?
4. What does New York transportation depend on?
5. How does New York move?
6. What are there on the Fifth Avenue?

Дата выполнения: 06/05/2013

К.р.2_Вариант 2

AGRICULTURE IN GREAT BRITAIN
For the period of latest decades Great Britain's agriculture saw a significant increase in scientific and technical level and profitability of agro-industrial complex. Countries support kites at the cost of local resources (the growth since postwar time rose from 1/3 to 4/5): a full self-sufficiency is reached by such products as milk, a high self-sufficiency have eggs, poultry, wheat, oats, barley, and potato: imported are fruits, butter, sugar, and cheeses. Due to conditions occurred in the EU imported goods cost more as compared to opportunities of foodstuffs import from the former colonies: this creates continuous controversies between Great Britain and other members of the UK. The British agriculture is nowadays one of the most efficient and mechanized in the world. The share of employment in the field amounts 2% of the total employment in the country. The total area of farmlands is 58.3 mln ha (76% of the total area of the country). Animal husbandry prevails in the structure of agricultural production. Developed are dairy and beef cattle breeding, pig husbandry, beef sheep and poultry husbandry for meat.
Great Britain is one of the largest suppliers of sheep wool. Traditionally, animal husbandry is concentrated in river basins. Nearly 60% of tillage in crop husbandry is occupied by permanent grasses, more than 28% - by cereal crops (including wheat 1 5%, barley - 11 %), 12% -by industrial crops (rapeseed. sugar beet, flax) and feeding crops (including potato), and also by-vegetable gardens and small-fruit crops, ['lie main crop-producing areas are fast England and the Southeast.
There are many fruit gardens in Great Britain. Agriculture uses generous government support and receives donations from the KU budget.
Production volumes exceed the volumes of consumption by such products as wheat, barley, oats, and pork; production volumes are lower than the volume of consumption by such products as potato, beef, mutton, wool, sugar and eggs. Therefore, Great Britain has to import many of the necessary products. The country imports 4/5 of butter, 2/3 of sugar, a half of wheal and bacon, ¼ of beef and veal consumed in the country.
The country occupies sixth place among KU members in terms of agricultural production volume. The area of farmlands in use as of June 2007 amounted to 17.4 mln ha, which makes nearly 77% of the countries area.
General dynamics of the British agriculture development in 2007 in terms of the main agricultural items cost at market prices had the following indices: wheal production increased by 21.9% (to 1.3 bin pounds sterling); barley production by 39.7% (to 538.5 mln P.St); production of vegetable oil by 35.8% (to 421.5 mln P.St). production of sugar beet fell 3.5%, (to 171.9 mln P.St) (see Table 1); production of fresh vegetables rose 5.3% having reached 1.1 mln P.St; production of plants and flowers climbed 4.0% (to 781.5 mln P.St): potato production increased b> 6.9% (to 664 mln P.St); production of fresh fruits- by 16.1% (to 445 mln P.St); pork production by - 7.3% (to 775 mln P.St); production of beef - by 4.9% (to 1.7 bin P.St): mutton production decreased by 7.8% (to 628 mln P.St); production of poultry remained at the level of the previous year (1.2 bin P.St): milk production went up 13.3% (to 2.8 bin P.St); production of eggs by 13.5% (to 410 mln P.St).

Notes:
self – sufficiency – самодостаточность;
controversies – споры, дискуссии, полемики;
to prevail – преобладать;
donation – дар, пожертвование.

Questions.
1. When did Great Britain’s agriculture see a significant increase?
2. What is British agriculture nowadays?
3. Does Agriculture use government support and receive donations?
4. What products does the country import?
5. What place does the country occupy?

Дата выполнения: 20/06/2013

К.р.2_Вариант 3

Higher Education in Russia
Higher education plays an important part in the life of any country as it provides the country with highly-qualified specialists for future development and progress. It trains people to become teachers, engineers, doctors and other professional workers.
At present a new system of education is introduced in this country — a distance education system. This computer system of learning helps working professionals to continue their education while remaining at their jobs. This system enables people to get knowledge and a good foundation in the sciences basic to his or her field of study. Distance learning has developed over years from satellite video courses to modern videoconferencing through personal computers.
The academic year usually lasts 9 months and is divided into two terms (semesters). The first- and second-year students obtain thorough instructions in the fundamental sciences of mathematics, physics, chemistry and drawing as well as computer engineering and a number of others. The curricula are enriched and broadened by instructions in such subjects as foreign languages, history and economics.
At the third year students get more advanced knowledge and begin to concentrate on their special interests, so to say, their «major» subject and take many courses in this subject. Specialized study and courses will help students to become specialists and prepare them for their future work.
After four years students will get a bachelor's degree. Then the students may go on with their studies and in a year or two of further study and research get a master's degree. After graduating from the university they may go on with their study and research and may get a still higher degree. About 75 percent of students receive state grants and 15 percent are sponsored by enterprises. Universities have their own students’ hostels and some of them have large and excellent sport centers.
Education is a process through which culture is preserved, knowledge and skills are developed, values are formed, and information is exchanged. Education is the way to success.

Notes:
1. over years — за многие годы
2. curricula are enriched and broadened — программы (курсы обучения) обогащаются и расширяются

Questions:
1. When does the academic year begin in Russia?
2. What subjects do students study in the first year?
3. What degree do students get after four years of study?
4. What degree can a student get after two years of further study and research?
5. What new education system is introduced in Russia?

Дата выполнения: 20/06/2013

К.р.2_Вариант 5

AGRICULTURAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Agriculture is a major industry in the United States and the country is net exporter of food. As for the last census of agriculture in 2009, there were 2.2 million farms, covering area of 922 million acres, an average of 418 acres per farm.
European agriculture practices greatly affected the New England landscape. Colonists brought livestock over from Europe which caused many changes to the land. Along with livestock changing the plant species in New England from the original native species to European species they also contributed to the deterioration of the forests and fields.
Soil exhaustion was a huge problem in New England agriculture. Plowing with oxen did allow the colonist to farm more land but it increased erosion and decreased soil fertility. In the U.S., farms spread from the colonies westward along with the settlers. In cooler regions, wheat was often the crop of choice when lands were newly settled. Also very common in the Midwest was farming. After the "wheat frontier", more diversified farms including dairy cattle generally took its place. Warmer regions saw plantings of cotton and herds of beef cattle. In the south, raising tobacco and cotton was common. In the northeast, slaves were used in agriculture until the early 19th century. In the Midwest, slavery was prohibited by 1787.
The introduction and broad adoption of scientific agriculture since the mid nineteenth century has made a large improvement in the USA's economic growth. Soybeans were not widely cultivated in the United States until the 1950s, when soybeans began to replace oats and wheat.
Significant areas of farmland were abandoned during the Great Depression and incorporated into nascent national forests.

Questions:
1. Is agriculture main industry in the United States of America?
2. How many farms were there in 2009 according to the last census of agriculture?
3. Did European agriculture practices greatly affect the New England landscape?
4. What was a huge problem in New England agriculture?
5. What was the crop of choice in cooler regions?
6. What kind of plantings did warmer regions see?
7. What has made a large improvement in the USA’s economic growth?

Дата выполнения: 23/08/2013