Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования Санкт-Петербургский государственный технологический университет растительных полимеров В.В. КИРИЛЛОВА Т.В. ЛИОРЕНЦЕВИЧ Т.С. ШАРАПА АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов 1 курса заочного факультета по направлениям: «Химическая технология», «Технологические машины и оборудование» и «Энерго- и ресурсосберегающие процессы в химической технологии, нефтехимии и биотехнологии» Санкт-Петербург 2013
Выполнены все варианты:
Вариант 1
Контрольная работа 1 Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед существительным (левое определение). 1. Paper sheet passes through steam heated iron cylinders. 2. The soft and hard rolls are large diameter units. 3. A cooling system automatically starts blowing cool air onto the roll ends. Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык разных форм степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий. 1. The surface of this paper is as smooth and uniform as is prescribed by the standard. 2. The coating of this boxboard is less important than that of a glossy paper. 3. The more is the cost of paper the better are its properties. Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык слов it, one (one’s), that, these, those в разных значениях. 1. It is important to know what raw material the paper is made of. 2. One of paper-making methods is called a dry process. 3. This engine is more powerful than that of the old type. Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения, определите в них временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения. 1. Chips and liquor enter the top of the digester. 2. The use of noise absorbers improved the noise performance of the chipper. 3. The paper making machine forms paper sheets. Упражнение № 5. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите. 1. If a superheater is used to heat the web, it is to be cooled to the condensation temperature. 2. Today any kind of fiber can be utilized to make paper. 3. The water squeezed from the paper should be absorbed by the felt which therefore has to be porous. Упражнение № 6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. 1. Paper is a felted sheet of fibers formed on a fine screen from a water suspension. When the water drains away, the remaining fibers must be removed from the screen and dried. Sheets of paper were made from disintegrated fibers upon a flat mould before the time of Christ and paper is still formed in this fashion. The only difference is between the construction of the moulds and the treatment of the fiber. Thus the fundamental principle of papermaking involves 2 basic factors: the fibers and the mould. 2. From ancient times, Chinese papermakers had wisely selected almost all kinds of plants known to the modern paper industry. These plants give the best fibers for the papermaking and are most economical in cost. The application of chemical agents for sizing, loading, coating, coloring, and dyeing was also known to them. The use of cheap water contributed not only to the swelling and bonding of the fibers. Water also increased the mechanical strength of the paper. Vat, mould and presses used many centuries ago in China are still basic to mo-dern papermaking. It also refers to the process of maceration, washing, lifting, pressing and drying. Historians of paper agree that ancient principles and practice of papermaking are the basis upon which modern paper making machines are designed and operated. Упражнение № 7. Выпишите из 2-го абзаца предложение, содержащее прилагательные в одной из степеней сравнения. Упражнение № 8. Прочитайте 1-й абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос. Did the manufacture of paper change over the years as compared to the beginning of its development? 1. It did not change at all. 2. It changed fundamentally. 3. The treatment of the fibers and the construction of mould changed, but the basic technique remained unchanged: paper is still formed as it was before the time of Christ. Контрольная работа 2 Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Переведите предложения. 1. The properties of the paper are influenced by refining. 2. Some waste paper is given special chemical treatment. 3. The cooking is followed by careful washing. Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. The knots, chips and uncooked pieces of wood removed from the stock are used as fuels. 2. They used the existing recovery system 3. Sulfur dioxide, when dissolved in water, forms a weak acid which reacts with lignin. Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. The process of removing fibers from the solid wood is called “pulping.” 2. Stock preparation includes systems for broke handling and cleaning of mixed stock. 3. The main collecting belt is used for conveying chips into the feeder. Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, укажите его функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. Each mill must have its own system of equipment based on the grades of paper to be produced. 2. The spent cooking liquor is removed from the pulp and burned to recover the cooking chemicals. 3. To push the logs against the surface of the stone is the function of the pistons. Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Chipping 1. Chipping in the forest has many advantages. There are tree chippers which lift up the tree, swallow it at one end and spew chips at the other end. But at the same time there are a few disadvantages in this operation. In the swallowing of the whole tree, the bark which is undesirable for pulping is also ground up into chips. This causes darker and dirtier pulp and makes the bleaching problem more difficult. Nevertheless, the disadvantage is overcome by the greater yield. 2. But the manufacturers prefer to chip logs at a saw and woodworking mills. The chipper MD-05 is one of the recent models which cut wood into accepted (отсортированный) chips. The main parts of the chipper are a chipping mechanism and a drive. The chipping mechanism consists of a cutter disc with twelve chipping knives on it. The cutter disc is driven by electric motor. The wood is fed by a conveyor into the chipping zone where it is cut into chips. The quality of the chips is affected by a special mechanism which discharges the chips without shocks. The chips pass through the slots under the knives to the back (тыльная сторона) of the disc and then through the window located on the back side of the chipping mechanism and the chute to the receiving conveyor. Упражнение № 6. Прочитайте 2-ой абзац, выпишите глаголы в пассивном залоге и переведите их. Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте 1-ый абзац, перепишите вопрос и письменно ответьте на него: What is the disadvantage of chipping in the forest?
Вариант 2
Контрольная работа 1 Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед существительным (левое определение). 1. The mill will modify the dryer section and install a new headbox control system. 2. The stock preparation system includes several stages. 3. The mill uses several wood suppliers. Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык разных форм степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий. 1. These felts are dryer than those ones. 2. Most of their work is concentrated on a new theme. 3. The drier the raw product is the better will be the end result. Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык слов it, one (one’s), that, these, those в разных значениях. 1. It is by automatic control on the panel that the digester cover is raised and the chip chute is lowered. 2. The drum shell consists of two sections: the first one is closed, the second one is open. 3. There are pumps that can deliver 6 % consistency pulp to the thickener. Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения, определите в них временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения. 1. The web leaves the presses and enters the dryer section. 2. Heavy particles settle to the bottom of the vat. 3. The new equipment will process wood quickly. Упражнение № 5. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите. 1. Water that is thrown back can be harmful to the sheet and has to be evacuated. 2. Saturated steam should be used in this operation. 3. The capacity of a mill can vary from 50 to over 3000 tons of paper product. Упражнение № 6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. 1. The introduction of wood as a source of paper-making fibers at the end of 19th century was a great success which changed the future course of the pulp and paper industry and paved the way for mass production of paper on modern high-speed machines. The availability and relatively low cost of wood compared to materials used before for paper making opened up new markets and laid the basis for the modern pulp and paper industry. 2. Now wood is the principal raw material for pulp. Pulp is the raw material of which paper, paper-board, some plastics and many other products are made. All wood consists of the same basic parts: cellulose, fibers, lignin, sugars, resins, mineral salts, and other substances. The task of the papermaker is to separate the fibers and to rearrange them in new patterns and in new combinations with other substances for making different products. This may be done by several methods: mechanical, chemical, semi-mechanical and thermo-mechanical. The method chosen depends upon the type of wood used and the requirements of the end-product. 3. Historically softwoods have been preferred to hardwoods because of their greater fiber length. Up to the present time, supplies of softwoods have been adequate for pulp demand. So the main task of the pulp industry was to improve the pulping of softwoods. This resulted in a high level of technology in softwood pulping. The recent shortage of softwoods has made it necessary to use more hardwoods. Today they are in all pulping processes. Пояснение к тексту: paved the way – проложила путь Упражнение № 7. Выпишите из 3-го абзаца предложение, содержащее прилагательное в одной из степеней сравнения. Упражнение № 8. Прочитайте 3-й абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос. What type of wood is used more often now in the paper manufacturing? 1. Softwood because its fiber length is greater. 2. Hardwood as well as softwood. 3. Hardwood because of the shortage of softwood. Контрольная работа 2 Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Переведите предложения. 1. Paper market was dominated by newsprint. 2. These digesters are operated with one chip supply system. 3. The properties of the paper are affected by numerous factors. Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. The digester is covered with a coat consisting of cement mixed with different additives. 2. The consistency of the stock being refined is very important when determining the cutting. Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. The paper should be bleached without damaging its strength characteristics. 2. Extracting of water takes about an hour. 3. The general method of making paper is essentially the same for all types of machines. Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, укажите его функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. To ensure a continuous flow of pulp, it is necessary to have several digesters. 2. To ensure a continuous flow of pulp is necessary to increase the output of the machine. 3. The test to be performed at our mill is of great importance. Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Groundwood 1. Any process of pulp preparation begins with barking. Bark is removed in big steel cylinders called barking drums. Logs tumble against each other and as a result bark is stripped. Another common method is using powerful jets of water. 2. If bark is not removed, we get darker and dirtier pulp. The bleaching of such pulp is very difficult, but this disadvantage is overcome by greater yield of the pulp. The technology utilizing the whole tree is already known and is used at many mills. 3. But at the majority of pulp and paper mills bark is removed. After barking (in the mechanical process) the grinding stones grind logs in large quantities of water and reduce the logs to fibrous state. The composition of the mechanical pulp (groundwood) is practically identical with that of the wood. Groundwood made from fresh wood is of light yellow colour. One disadvantage of groundwood pulping is that the grinding of fibers weakens them. The pulp produced by the mechanical process is inferior to that produced by the chemical process: it is used in making those kinds of paper where the highest quality is not demanded and the price is principal consideration. 4. Mechanical pulp is much cheaper to make than any other form of paper pulp. In the first place, only about 2% of raw material is lost, as compared to 50% in the chemical processes. Secondly, there are no chemicals required. Finally, the equipment necessary for making mechanical pulp is much cheaper. Упражнение № 6. Прочитайте 3-ий абзац. Выпишите из него причастия (Participle II) в роли определения и как часть глагольного времени. Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте 2-ой абзац, перепишите вопрос и письменно ответьте на него: What is the disadvantage of the presence of the bark in the groundwood?
Вариант 3
Контрольная работа 1 Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед существительным (левое определение). 1. The digester is ready for chip loading. 2. The difference in water level maintains flow in the proper direction. 3. Chippers convert wood waste into chips. Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык разных форм степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий. 1. Dryer felts are operated as dry as possible. 2. The new paper machine is one of the widest and fastest. 3. The more effective dewatering process is the greater dry content we obtain as a result. Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык слов it, one (one’s), that, these, those в разных значениях. 1. One can see the paper products everywhere. 2. Board is a laminated material. It may consist of two to seven layers. 3. These experiments are more difficult than those in our laboratory. Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения, определите в них временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения. 1. This plant will install a new press section. 2. The modification increased the machine speed. 3. The cellulose forms the walls of the cell. Упражнение № 5. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите. 1. Photocopier paper is to have excellent brightness. 2. The chips should be packed together as closely as possible. 3. Special kinds of board may be manufactured from waste paper. Упражнение № 6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. 1. Man has always had a strong wish to express his thoughts in written form and in pictures. But he has not always had a satisfactory material on which to do this. The primitive man drew pictures on the walls of his cave. The ancient Babylonians, who lived in the land we call Iraq, wrote messages on heavy clay tablets and carried them from place to place. The Egyptians wrote on strips of a native plant called papyrus from which the modern paper gets its name. The Persians split the skins of animals, soaked them, scraped smooth, dried them, and made parchment. 2. In China, in 105 AD a young scholar named Ts’ai Lun added something new in the paper making progress. At this time the Chinese used silk and bamboo as writing material. Ts’ai Lun began to experiment with the inner bark of the mulberry tree. He transformed this material into pulp and added water. The mixture dried in the form of flat fiber sheets on which messages could be written. It was the first real paper. 3. The knowledge of papermaking was a secret closely guarded by the Chinese for several centuries. But eventually it spread to the Arabs. It reached Europe by about the twelfth century. By this time, rags were used for pulp instead of mulberry bark, but every sheet of paper was still made by hand. Only in 1799 the first machine for making a continuous sheet was invented by Robert in France. Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста. Выпишите неправильные глаголы в форме Past Simple. Дайте их инфинитив. Упражнение № 8. Прочитайте 1-й абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос. What material did the Egyptians use to write? 1. They wrote on the walls of the caves. 2. They wrote on parchment. 3. They wrote on papyrus. Контрольная работа 2 Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Переведите предложения. 1. Special attention was given to water cleaning. 2. The strength of the paper is positively affected by increased refining. 3. The tanks were used to accumulate sulfur dioxide gas. Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. Wire-covered cylinders revolve in vats containing fibers suspended in water. 2. The drum is rotated causing the logs to tumble over one another. 3. The barking is accomplished in long cylindrical steel drums known as barking drums. Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. These pulping processes cannot remove all the lignin without degrading the carbohydrate fraction. 2. Maintaining a constant load on the stone is important. 3. Reducing the raw material to the fibrous state is carried out by mechanical or semi-mechanical means. Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, укажите его функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. Any chemicals to be applied to the web are found in special devices on the calender stack. 2. The stock has to be introduced into the tank under the washing drum. 3. By the end of the 19th century, wood cellulose began to be used as a raw material for making artificial fibers. Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Semi-chemical process 1. Semi-chemical process of making wood pulp combines mechanical and chemical methods. It was developed particularly for the pulping of hardwoods and has many variations. The pulpwood chips are cooked in a mild chemical solution and the fibers are separated mechanically. Semi-chemical pulps are used in making corrugated paper boards and other items. 2. In each of the chemical methods logs must be chipped before they are cooked. Rotating knives cut off chips and a conveyor belt carries them either to storage or to the digesters. These digesters operate on the same principle as a kitchen pressure cooker. Wood chips in chemical solution are cooked with steam, until reduced to wet pulpy mass. It is this cooking which dissolves the resins and lignin and causes the fibers to separate. 3. The digester is a cylindrical vessel with top and bottom conical heads. It is mounted in vertical position on four support columns. The upper charging pipe is provided with an easily removable mechanized cover. For preventing clogging of the circulation system, the digester has three screening zones. The digester equipment also includes a steam chip packer, a collector for digester washing and a special collector for pulp washing out. Упражнение № 6. Прочитайте 1-ый абзац, выпишите глаголы в пассивном залоге и переведите их. Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте 3-ий абзац, перепишите вопрос и письменно ответьте на него: What does the digester equipment include?
Вариант 4
Контрольная работа 1 Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед существительным (левое определение). 1. Cleaner surfaces increase paper quality. 2. This process continues at high roll temperatures. 3. Greater grinder capacity lowers pulp cost. Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык разных форм степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий. 1. This new technology gives higher speed production at lower investment costs. 2. The new paper machine is one of the largest of its kind. 3. The more ingredients include mechanical pulp the higher its yield will be. Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык слов it, one (one’s), that, these, those в разных значениях. 1. Paper is the product that everybody knows. 2. Now we employ new methods of work, not old ones. 3. It is this cooking which dissolves the resins and glue-like lignin and causes the fibers to separate. Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения, определите в них временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения. 1. Semi-chemical pulps produce stiff products. 2. Paper machine tests showed excellent results. 3. The heat will dry the paper web. Упражнение № 5. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите. 1. The pulp mill must be supplied with clean chips of uniform size. 2. This pulp is to be produced by a chemical process. 3. The capacity of the screeners can be regulated according to production rate. Упражнение № 6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. 1. The paper industry dates from the beginning of the Christian era. It was Ts’ai Lun, a Chinese minister of agriculture, who invented the first paper in 105 AD. He beat silk and mulberry bark together and screened the fibers from water with a bamboo mold. This technique was refined by the Chinese and kept as a secret until the 8th century when it eventually spread to Arabs and was used in Samarkand. 2. The art of papermaking then spread through Central Asia, Asia Minor and Egypt into Europe where it established by 1400. During this period the basic techniques remained unchanged. Fiber from many different sources were separated and suspended in a vat of water. A screen was dipped into the water, lifted out, separating the fibers from the water. After the sheet of paper was formed, it was pressed between felts and placed on a smooth surface to dry. 3. Many developments increased the production rate of papermaking, but the most important was the invention of papermaking machines around 1800. From that date to the present, the same techniques have been made more efficient, but not substantially changed from Ts’ai Lun’s original concepts. 4. The development of the paper manufacturing is closely parallel to the development of Western civilization. Paper became an integral part of the development of our culture. Упражнение № 7. Выпишите из 3-го абзаца текста предложение, содержащее прилагательное в одной из степеней сравнения. Упражнение № 8. Прочитайте 2-ой абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос. Did the manufacture of paper change over the years as compared with Ts’ai Lun technique? 1. It changed fundamentally. 2. It did not change at all. 3. The basic techniques invented by Ts’ai Lun remained unchanged. Контрольная работа 2 Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Переведите предложения. 1. The chlorine stage is followed by bleaching with sodium hypochlorite. 2. Waste wood is usually passed to the boiler house by conveyors. 3. The press section was equipped with two new presses. Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. The fibers clinging to the wire surface are carried out of the water. 2. All the substances contained in the wood are retained. 3. The knife enters the log cutting and splitting it at the same time. Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. Small chippers are used for converting wood waste from sawmills into chips. 2. Mechanical pulping can be achieved by grinding or refining. 3. The cost of collecting and sorting the waste paper is great. Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, укажите его функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. The stock is screened and cleaned to remove any dirt. 2. The size of the logs to be handled in a drum barker needs to be controlled. 3. To achieve good results is possible at the present stage. Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Chemical process 1. In the chemical paper making process, wood fibers are separated from their lignin binder by cooking chips in any of the chemical solutions. The most common chemical processes are: the sulfite process, the sulfate process and the soda process. 2. Paper made from hardwoods by the soda process has good printing qualities. Hardwood fibers are much shorter than softwood fibers. When pulped by this process and mixed with longer fibers, hardwoods make high quality magazine and book papers. 3. The sulfite process is not so popular now. The sulfate process was originally used mainly for the pulping of softwoods, especially pine. Now this process is used in pulping both softwoods and hardwoods for papers which are used for wrappings, bags and other durable papers requiring strength. 4. No matter which of the chemical processes is used, wood pulp requires additional treatment, washing, screening and sometimes bleaching before it can be converted into paper. Washing removes left-over chemicals and non-fibrous substances. Screening removes dirt, uncooked or unbroken pieces of wood and separates fibers according to size. Bleaching gives pulp the desirable degree of whiteness. Упражнение № 6. Прочитайте 2-ой абзац, выпишите из него причастия (Participle II) в роли определения и обстоятельства. Переведите их. Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте 4-ый абзац, перепишите вопрос и письменно ответьте на него: What are the functions of washing, screening and bleaching?
Вариант 5
Контрольная работа 1 Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (цепочка существительных) и стоящих перед существительным (левое определение). 1. Fully automatic roll cleaners are used during paper production. 2. This system can perform corrections even at the roll edge. 3. The bark removal is carried out in many ways. Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык разных форм степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий. 1. The largest paper machines in the world are over 10 meters wide, 100 meters long and weigh thousand of tons. 2. The more additives this pulp contains the more it is suitable for photocopier paper. 3. This new technology is more efficient than the wet process. Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык слов it, one (one’s), that, these, those в разных значениях. 1. One cannot imagine our life today without paper. 2. It is molecular attraction of the fibers that holds the paper sheet together. 3. The trees of the coniferous group yield long-fibred pulp, those of the deciduous group yield short-fibred pulp. Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения, определите в них временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения. 1. The actual continuous process starts with the intake of chips. 2. This equipment has tested the quality of production. 3. The digester includes three screening zones. Упражнение № 5. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите. 1. Chips have to be of uniform size. 2. The remaining lignin can be oxidized and removed. 3. Barker knives should be changed three or four times a day. Упражнение № 6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. 1. From ancient times, various vegetable fibers were used as raw material for papermaking. Almost all plants produce fibers, but only those which are available, rich in cellulose, easy to treat and cheap in cost are most suitable. Especially good are those plants which contain great amount of long cellulose but few binding substances which must be eliminated in the process of maceration. These materials include hemp, cotton, jute, bamboo, flax, ramie, bark of mulberry and some others. Hemp and cotton are probably the best because they give the highest yields of pure fibers. 2. The use of fresh plant fibers as raw material was apparently unknown to European papermakers when the art of papermaking was introduced in Europe in the middle of 12th century. For over 500 years after introduction, all paper of occidental origin was made from linen or cotton rags or a mixture of these second hand fibers. 3. After the beginning of the 18th century, as rags gradually became less available and were no longer economic material, European scientists looked for substitutes in order to meet the increasing need of the paper industry. A great variety of vegetation, including hemp, bark, wood, straw, was tested though these materials had already been in use in China for many centuries. Finally, wood pulp was widely adopted and since 19th century has become the chief raw material of modern paper industry. Because of limitation of forest resources in China the wood was little utilized for paper. Even today, the use of other materials than wood is encouraged. Упражнение № 7. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца текста предложение, содержащее прилагательное в одной из степеней сравнения. Упражнение № 8. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос. Why did the European papermakers use only linen or cotton rags for the manufacturing of paper? 1. There was no other raw material in Europe. 2. Linen and cotton fibers are the cheapest raw material for the paper manufacturing. 3. The Europeans did not know the use of fresh plant fibers as raw material for the paper manufacturing. Контрольная работа 2 Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Переведите предложения. 1. Each refiner is powered by a synchronous motor. 2. The visitors were shown the most advanced production line. 3. Mention was made of special characteristics of this apparatus. Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. The disc is provided with three or more knives set on equal distance apart. 2. The chips are boiled with various reagents extracting the substances contained in the wood. 3. Using the new method they produced a paper of high quality. Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. Groundwood pulp is produced by chipping the logs and grinding the chips between discs. 2. Eliminating dirt and admixtures is the main task at this stage. 3. This method of grinding is most efficient in removing whole fibers from the wood. Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, укажите его функцию. Предложения переведите. 1. The mill learned to control the emissions of unpleasant smelling gas. 2. The stock is sent through screens to remove foreign materials. 3. The basic function to be performed by the wet end of the machine is to form the web of paper. Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Dry process 1. A traditional method of papermaking is called a wet process because water is an active participant of the basic sheet-forming operation. From 50 to 60 cubic meters of water are needed to manufacture one ton of paper. At present there are some other ways of paper manufacture that do not use water, one of these methods is called a dry process. The idea of paper sheet formation on the wire screen without water was realized in our country for the first time in 1930s. Since then the principle of manufacture of long fiber paper was developed. 2. Today any kind of fiber can be used to prepare pulp by the dry technology of papermaking. To produce paper sheet papermakers use various paper machines. The sheet (web) is formed in the medium of air. Fibers are introduced into a special aerodynamic chamber located above a continuously moving paper machine wire. 3. A thin layer of fiber is formed on the surface of the wire as a result of pressure difference produced by a fan from both sides of the wire former. Then a special suction device picks up the web and transfers it to another unit where some kind of binder is added to the paper sheet. The process is finally completed when the paper web is pressed out and dried by means of air jets in a drying section. This papermaking technology is more efficient than the wet process: it does not pollute the environment and does not need complicated equipment. Упражнение № 6. Прочитайте 3-ий абзац, выпишите из него причастия (Participle II) в роли определения и как части глагольной формы. Переведите их. Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте 1-ый абзац, перепишите вопрос и письменно ответьте на него: Why are two methods of paper manufacturing called “wet process” and “dry process”?
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